17 and 18 - Elizabeth I's Aims and Early Years

Question 1

What were Elizabeth’s initial problems?

Answer 1

• religion
• foreign policy
• government
• confirming legitimacy
• financial

Question 2

What were Elizabeth’s initial aims?

Answer 2

• consolidate her position
• settle religious issues
• peaceful settlement with the French

Question 3

What were the issues with Elizabeth’s legitimacy?

Answer 3

• 1536 Liz declared illegitimate
• 1544 both M and E legitimate
• Mary had imprisoned Liz for Wyatt’s rebellion

Question 4

What did the act of Supremacy do?

Answer 4

1. gave herself the title of supreme governor rather than head
2. all members of clergy had to swear oath to her
3. church structure remained (2 arch bishops, bishops and dioceses)

Question 5

When was the act of supremacy?

Answer 5

May 1559

Question 6

What did the act of uniformity do?

Answer 6

1. new book of CP, based on Edward’s second
2. mass changed to include both transubstantiation and b+w being symbolic
3. bible and services written in English
4. pilgrimage and images banned
5. altars replaced with communion table but ornaments could be placed on it

Question 7

When was the act of uniformity?

Answer 7

May 1559

Question 8

When were the Royal Injunctions?

Answer 8

July 1559

Question 9

What were the Royal Injunctions?

Answer 9

1. images condemned
2. clergy allowed to marry with permission of their bishop and 2 JPs
3. observe royal supremacy

Question 10

What changes would Catholics like about the religious settlement?

Answer 10

• RI allowed old vestments to be worn
• 1560, Latin prayer book was released allowing mass for the souls of the dead
• 1560 Elizabeth restored crucifix and candles to her altar
• in 1561 she considered banning clerical marriage, but compromised with the removal of wives and children of high clergy from colleges and cathedrals

Question 11

What would Catholics opposed about the religious settlement?

Answer 11

• communion table (RI)
• Act of Supremacy, Elizabeth supreme governor

Question 12

What would Puritans have liked about the religious settlement?

Answer 12

• the extreme catholic bishops were removed in 1559
• commissioners sent out to check the oath of supremacy was taken in 1559
• act of uniformity modelled second book of common prayer

Question 13

What would puritans have opposed about Elizabeth’s religious settlement?

Answer 13

• RI, old vestments to be worn in services and Archbishop Parker tells protestants to agree or resign, no one resigns

Question 14

Was the house of commons protestant or catholic?

Answer 14

Protestant

Question 15

Was the house of lord protestant or catholic?

Answer 15

Catholic

Question 16

Was the privy council protestant or catholic?

Answer 16

Protestant and dominated by William Cecil

Question 17

How did William Cecil help Elizabeth consolidate her power?

Answer 17

Within a few hours of Mary dying 17th November, he rode 16 miles to Hatfield to tell her the news. He was made principal secretary

Question 18

How did Mary’s Councillors help Elizabeth consolidate her power?

Answer 18

Within a few days, 9 of Mary’s councillors had ridden to Elizabeth to confess loyalty

Question 19

How did the Tower of London help Elizabeth consolidate her power?

Answer 19

Showed herself accustomed with royal tradition and showed herself with the new subjects

Question 20

How did time help Elizabeth consolidate her power?

Answer 20

Elizabeth was coronated within 2 months, on the 15th January

Question 21

How did Spain help Elizabeth consolidate her power?

Answer 21

Elizabeth had been visited by the Spanish Ambassador, the Count of Feria, before Mary’s death and had attempted to marry Phillip and Elizabeth

Question 22

What was the problem with France?

Answer 22

• support for Mary Stuart (MQS)
• Francis II becomes king in 1559 (MQS’s husband
• they had lost Calais in 1558
• 1562 French Wars of Religion broke out

Question 23

What was the solution for France?

Answer 23

• 1562, Elizabeth under pressure from Dudley and Throckmorton to support Hugenots
• she sends support but they are quickly defeated and France make peace with Catholics and drives England out of Le Havre 1563
• Treaty of Troyes confirms French control of Calais in 1564

Question 24

What was the problem with Spain/ Netherlands?

Answer 24

• reliant on Antwerp for trade
• Spain could support French Catholics
• inherited alliance with Spain, could be war

Question 25

What was the solution for Spain/ Netherlands?

Answer 25

• 1563 trade embargo as Elizabeth sponsored Protestant rebels, trade re-resumed in 12 months
• Cateau Cambresis 1559, peace between France
• Phillip proposes to Elizabeth 1558

Question 26

What was the problem with the Pope?

Answer 26

• could excommunicate Elizabeth
• Catholics must choose loyalty

Question 27

What was the solution for the Pope?

Answer 27

Phillip proposes 1558

Question 28

What was the problem with Scotland?

Answer 28

• MQS has French support and wanted to use English coat of arms
• Scotland ruled by Mary Guise
• questions over Elizabeth’s legitimacy
• question of the Protestant rebels - Lords of the Congregation

Question 29

What was the solution for Scotland?

Answer 29

• Treaty of Edinburgh 1560 decided withdrawal of English and French troops from Scotland
• MQS not to use the royal arms

Question 30

What was the Act of Maintaining Tillage?

Answer 30

1563
- all land under tillage for 4 years since 1528 was to remain under tillage
- no land under tillage could be converted to pasture
- there was a dislike for enclosure from the government due to fear of social unrest

Question 31

What was the Statute of Artificers (economically)?

Answer 31

1563
- an attempt to regulate industry and agriculture
- fixed max but not min wages
- standard wage rate to be set by local JP
- failed to take into account inflation

Question 32

What was the statute of artificers (socially)?

Answer 32

1563
- 7 year apprenticeships made compulsory in all urban craft
- regulated number of apprentices per master
- aimed to maintain high standards of craftmanship

Question 33

What was the Vagabonds Act?

Answer 33

1572
- penalties against vagrants
- JPs to keep a register of the poor in their parish and raise a poor rate for elderly and sick
- allowed whipping, boring through the ear and death penalty for third offence

Question 34

Stabilising the Currency

Answer 34

• achieved in Elizabeth’s early years
• withdrawal of debased coins and replaced with newly minted
• only sound coins left in circulation

Question 35

An Apology of the Church of England

Answer 35

1562, John Jewel, Bishop of Salisbury
- argued that CofE was returning to original position
- a continuation of the early church

Question 36

The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion

Answer 36

1563
- sought to define the difference between Catholic and CofE
- broadly supportive of new doctrine