17 and 18 - Elizabeth I's Aims and Early Years Flashcards
What were Elizabeth’s initial problems?
- religion
- foreign policy
- government
- confirming legitimacy
- financial
What were Elizabeth’s initial aims?
- consolidate her position
- settle religious issues
- peaceful settlement with the French
What were the issues with Elizabeth’s legitimacy?
- 1536 Liz declared illegitimate
- 1544 both M and E legitimate
- Mary had imprisoned Liz for Wyatt’s rebellion
What did the act of Supremacy do?
- gave herself the title of supreme governor rather than head
- all members of clergy had to swear oath to her
- church structure remained (2 arch bishops, bishops and dioceses)
When was the act of supremacy?
May 1559
What did the act of uniformity do?
- new book of CP, based on Edward’s second
- mass changed to include both transubstantiation and b+w being symbolic
- bible and services written in English
- pilgrimage and images banned
- altars replaced with communion table but ornaments could be placed on it
When was the act of uniformity?
May 1559
When were the Royal Injunctions?
July 1559
What were the Royal Injunctions?
- images condemned
- clergy allowed to marry with permission of their bishop and 2 JPs
- observe royal supremacy
What changes would Catholics like about the religious settlement?
- RI allowed old vestments to be worn
- 1560, Latin prayer book was released allowing mass for the souls of the dead
- 1560 Elizabeth restored crucifix and candles to her altar
- in 1561 she considered banning clerical marriage, but compromised with the removal of wives and children of high clergy from colleges and cathedrals
What would Catholics opposed about the religious settlement?
- communion table (RI)
- Act of Supremacy, Elizabeth supreme governor
What would Puritans have liked about the religious settlement?
- the extreme catholic bishops were removed in 1559
- commissioners sent out to check the oath of supremacy was taken in 1559
- act of uniformity modelled second book of common prayer
What would puritans have opposed about Elizabeth’s religious settlement?
- RI, old vestments to be worn in services and Archbishop Parker tells protestants to agree or resign, no one resigns
Was the house of commons protestant or catholic?
Protestant
Was the house of lord protestant or catholic?
Catholic
Was the privy council protestant or catholic?
Protestant and dominated by William Cecil
How did William Cecil help Elizabeth consolidate her power?
Within a few hours of Mary dying 17th November, he rode 16 miles to Hatfield to tell her the news. He was made principal secretary
How did Mary’s Councillors help Elizabeth consolidate her power?
Within a few days, 9 of Mary’s councillors had ridden to Elizabeth to confess loyalty
How did the Tower of London help Elizabeth consolidate her power?
Showed herself accustomed with royal tradition and showed herself with the new subjects
How did time help Elizabeth consolidate her power?
Elizabeth was coronated within 2 months, on the 15th January
How did Spain help Elizabeth consolidate her power?
Elizabeth had been visited by the Spanish Ambassador, the Count of Feria, before Mary’s death and had attempted to marry Phillip and Elizabeth
What was the problem with France?
- support for Mary Stuart (MQS)
- Francis II becomes king in 1559 (MQS’s husband
- they had lost Calais in 1558
- 1562 French Wars of Religion broke out
What was the solution for France?
- 1562, Elizabeth under pressure from Dudley and Throckmorton to support Hugenots
- she sends support but they are quickly defeated and France make peace with Catholics and drives England out of Le Havre 1563
- Treaty of Troyes confirms French control of Calais in 1564
What was the problem with Spain/ Netherlands?
- reliant on Antwerp for trade
- Spain could support French Catholics
- inherited alliance with Spain, could be war
What was the solution for Spain/ Netherlands?
- 1563 trade embargo as Elizabeth sponsored Protestant rebels, trade re-resumed in 12 months
- Cateau Cambresis 1559, peace between France
- Phillip proposes to Elizabeth 1558
What was the problem with the Pope?
- could excommunicate Elizabeth
- Catholics must choose loyalty
What was the solution for the Pope?
Phillip proposes 1558
What was the problem with Scotland?
- MQS has French support and wanted to use English coat of arms
- Scotland ruled by Mary Guise
- questions over Elizabeth’s legitimacy
- question of the Protestant rebels - Lords of the Congregation
What was the solution for Scotland?
- Treaty of Edinburgh 1560 decided withdrawal of English and French troops from Scotland
- MQS not to use the royal arms
What was the Act of Maintaining Tillage?
1563
- all land under tillage for 4 years since 1528 was to remain under tillage
- no land under tillage could be converted to pasture
- there was a dislike for enclosure from the government due to fear of social unrest
What was the Statute of Artificers (economically)?
1563
- an attempt to regulate industry and agriculture
- fixed max but not min wages
- standard wage rate to be set by local JP
- failed to take into account inflation
What was the statute of artificers (socially)?
1563
- 7 year apprenticeships made compulsory in all urban craft
- regulated number of apprentices per master
- aimed to maintain high standards of craftmanship
What was the Vagabonds Act?
1572
- penalties against vagrants
- JPs to keep a register of the poor in their parish and raise a poor rate for elderly and sick
- allowed whipping, boring through the ear and death penalty for third offence
Stabilising the Currency
- achieved in Elizabeth’s early years
- withdrawal of debased coins and replaced with newly minted
- only sound coins left in circulation
An Apology of the Church of England
1562, John Jewel, Bishop of Salisbury
- argued that CofE was returning to original position
- a continuation of the early church
The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion
1563
- sought to define the difference between Catholic and CofE
- broadly supportive of new doctrine
