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A-Level History - Tudors > 15 and 16 - Mary I > Flashcards

15 and 16 - Mary I Flashcards

Ministers, Religious and Economic Change

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1
Q

6th July 1553

A

Edward dies, death is kept secret for 2 days

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2
Q

8th July 1553

A

Lord Mayor of London and representatives of Merchant Adventurers were summoned to London and forced to sign a devise for succession

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3
Q

Why was the law for succession never official?

A

Edward could not override the parliamentary statute that claimed Mary legitimate, and Edward died before anything could be legally changed. on 21st June people such as Cramner and the 22 peers signed and swore the devise to Edward

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4
Q

Why did Edward want Lady Jane Grey to be his successor?

A

He wanted a Protestant (preferably male) heir

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5
Q

9th July 1553

A

Lady Jane Grey taken to Northumberland’s house

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6
Q

10th July 1553

A
  • Mary claims herself Queen in East Anglia and appeals to Charles V for assistance
  • council rejects her claim and she musters troops
  • LJG taken to river by tower and proclaimed queen against her wishes
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7
Q

11th July 1553

A

Northumberland decides to travel to Norfolk to attempt to restore peace after his sons unsuccessfully tried to intercept Mary

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8
Q

12th July 1553

A

New from East Anglia, Mary is being supported by some senior gentry and nobles

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9
Q

13th July 1553

A
  • Northumberland was afraid to leave the Privy Council due to Catholic noblemen Arundel and Winchester
  • he set out with 2000 troops to defeat Mary
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10
Q

15th July 1553

A
  • PC in tower for protection and did not send reinforcements Northumberland requested
  • Mary moves to Framlingham Castle with supporters
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11
Q

16th July 1553

A

Northumberland reaches Cambridge

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12
Q

17th July 1553

A

Northumberland’s forces desert due to rumours that Mary has 30,000 in her camp

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13
Q

19th July 1553

A
  • Earl of Oxford arrived and the forces reached 20,000
  • people in streets celebrated accession of Mary
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14
Q

22nd August 1553

A

Northumberland arrested

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15
Q

Why could Mary’s gender cause issues as a Monarch?

A

Hadn’t been a female queen since Matilda in the 12th Century, who had not been able to hold the throne

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16
Q

How did Mary’s government attempt to overcome problems regarding her gender?

A

Parliament passed an act declaring ‘the royal power of this realm is in the Queen’s Majesty as fully and absolutely’

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17
Q

Was Mary always named successor?

A

1543 - place in succession secured Act of Succession
1553 - Edward wants Lady Jane Grey to be successor

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18
Q

Was Mary raised in a protected environment?

A

1519 - had her own household
1533 - forced to live in Princess Elizabeth’s household with limited access to her mother

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19
Q

Did Mary receive a political education and attend court?

A

Was well educated but not politically, and attended regularly from 1536

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20
Q

What problems would Mary have to deal with in government?

A
  • succession and marriage
  • economic and financial problems
  • religious divisions
  • foreign alliances and defending Calais
  • asserting legitimacy
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21
Q

What is the evidence that Mary was not brought up to rule?

A
  • 1536 accused of treason as did not agree to act of Supremacy
  • 1550 plans to escape to HRE
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22
Q

How was Mary’s government a crisis?

A
  • 43 councillors, too many
  • Mary had to choose Catholic noblemen with no experience
  • members of Northumberland’s council sworn in ex. Paget
  • strong rivalry between Gardiner and Paget
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23
Q

How was Mary’s government not a crisis?

A
  • Gardiner and Paget collaborated closely
  • ‘inner council’ of experienced members
  • lively constructive debates
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24
Q

What is the evidence that people rejoiced at a return to Catholicism?

A
  • 23rd August, Catholic Mass said at St Nicholas Cole Abbey
  • next few days 16 other churches followed suit ‘of the people’s devotion’
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25
Q

What were Mary’s problems with religion?

A
  • should Pope return as head of Church?
  • former church lands?
  • how far should she go to reform?
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26
Q

What did Mary’s advisors think she should do?

A
  • Gardiner unenthusiastic about a return to Catholicism
  • Renard concerned about property
  • Charles V and Pope concerned that it could jeopardise her throne
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27
Q

How did Mary rely on Charles V to rule?

A

Encouraged her to be lenient on opponents and supported his cousin

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28
Q

How did Mary rely on Privy Council to rule?

A

Allowed some previous members to join her new council but not Cecil, did not trust them

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29
Q

How did Mary rely on William Paget to rule?

A

Allowed to join new Council

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30
Q

How did Mary rely on Simon Renard to rule?

A

Ambassador of HRE, increasingly reliant on him

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31
Q

Pope as Head of the Church?

A
  • Autumn 1553, Parliament refused to repeal Act of Supremacy
  • Dec 1553, Mary gives up Supreme Head of the Church title
  • Nov 1554, all anti- Papal legislation undone
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32
Q

Catholic Clergy?

A
  • March 1554 Royal Injunctions, 10-25% of clergy removed for being married and Archbishop of York replaced by a committed Catholic
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33
Q

Priestly Marriage?

A
  • Autumn 1553 , act of Repeal reinforced clerical celibacy
  • RI, marriage banned
34
Q

Monastic Lands?

A
  • April 1554 Parliament agreed that former church land would be restored
  • 1556 Mary restores Benedictine house
35
Q

Transubstantiation in Mass?

A

Autumn 1553 - catholic transubstantiation confirmed

36
Q

Priestly Vestments?

A
  • November 1554, Henrican reformation undone
37
Q

Purgatory and Prayers for the dead?

A
  • 1553, pre 1547
  • 1554, pre reformation
38
Q

Heresy Laws?

A
  • March 1553, Bishops ordered to supress heresy
  • April 1554, heresy laws reintroduced
  • February 1556, 12 decrees of clerical discipline
39
Q

Removal of protestants?

A

Sept 1553 - Cramner arrested and Hooper imprisoned
Jan 1554 - mass exodus of 800 Protestants to Germany and Switzerland
Feb 1555 - John Rogers burnt (biblical translator)

40
Q

Why was marriage important?

A
  • heir for stability
  • foreign and political alliance
  • limit resistance/ criticism towards female
41
Q

Why could marriage be dangerous?

A
  • man takes autonomy when Queen
  • foreign marriage could be unpopular
  • dragged into war
42
Q

Who was Phillip II?

A
  • son of Charles V, who controlled Spain, HRE and Netherlands
  • not thrilled with marrying Mary, but had dynastic interests
43
Q

What were the pros and cons of Phillip II?

A

Pros:
- powerful alliance
- catholic
Cons:
- power hungry
- had a rocky relationship with the Pope

44
Q

Who was Edward Courtenay?

A
  • grandmother was the daughter of Edward IV
  • had been imprisoned in tower for plotting Catholic conspiracy
45
Q

What were the pros and cons of Edward Courtenay?

A

Pros:
- english and catholic
Cons:
- royal blood, could claim throne
- bad repuation

46
Q

What were the terms of the marriage treaty?

A
  • if no heirs, then England does not have a Spanish ruler (him or his heirs)
  • Phillip had to uphold the laws of England
  • no foreign councillors
  • Phillip was only the sovereign
47
Q

What were the initial difficulties of the marriage?

A
  • only met on 23rd July 1554, 2 days before wedding
  • did not speak the same language, had to communicate through French
  • according to the Venetian ambassador, Phillip lacked social skills
48
Q

Why did Phillip struggle to establish himself?

A
  • they never conceived
  • did not have English patronage
  • friction between Spanish entourage and English personnel
49
Q

Did Mary solve the issue of Succession?

A
  • 1544 act of succession, Elizabeth to follow Mary
  • Elizabeth in ToL after Wyatt’s rebellion
  • released 2 months later but on house arrest until 1558
  • Elizabeth named successor 6th Nov 1558, Mary dies 11 days later
50
Q

How did Mary handle crown income?

A
  • rent on crown lands re-established and raised £40,000 per annum
  • the court of Augmentation and Court of First Fruits combined to handle 75% of income
  • William Paulet made lord Treasurer
51
Q

How did Mary handle debt?

A
  • Exechequer recalled debts from up to 40 years ago and Thomas Egerton repaid the money after a spell in the tower of London
  • plans to re-issue the coinage but didn’t happen until Elizabeth’s reign
  • debt went from £185,000 to £300,000, good considering war with France
52
Q

How did Mary handle war? (financially)

A
  • war declared June 1557
  • Calais captured 1558
53
Q

How did Mary handle the people?

A
  • over 1556-58, Typhus outbreak killed 1/10
  • population decline by 5% over 1556-61
  • 1555-56 rain caused the worst harvest failures of the century
  • purchasing power of agricultural workers had dropped by 59% from 1509 in 1559
54
Q

How did Mary handle trade?

A
  • Calais garrison removed
  • new book of rates in 1558 made customs revenue grow by 100% in 1558
  • customs revenue from £29,315 in 1556-7 to £82,797 in 1558-9
55
Q

1554 - crisis?

A

Marry and Phillip marry
- Wyatt’s rebellion
- marriage treaty

56
Q

1555- crisis?

A

Phillip encourages Mary to grow the Navy
- first sign at naval strength, preparation
- ships from 3 to 21 from 1555-7

Mediator between France and Habsburgs
- prevention could get her involved
- prevention of war

57
Q

1556 - crisis?

A

Treaty of Vaucelles
- ensures peace but is quickly broken

Alliance between France and Papacy
- reopens Habsburg Valois war and she is aligned with Spain

58
Q

March 1557 - crisis?

A

Phillip returns to England to press for support
- could drag her in and strain English resources

59
Q

April 1557 - crisis?

A

Landing of Thomas Stafford at Scarborough
- is Protestant and is being supported by French troops
- arrested after 3 days

60
Q

June 1557 - crisis?

A

England declares war on France
- auld alliance puts her in middle, attacks July 1557
- is allied with Spain

61
Q

August 1557 - crisis?

A

Victory for Phillip II at St Quentin
- success through alliance, and little involvement

62
Q

Jan 1558 - capture of Calais

A

capture of Calais
- England’s last bit of French territory taken, 2,0000 vs 27,0000

63
Q

1558 - Crisis?

A

Army recruitment system improved
- lieutenants and JPs to raise armies now, system lasts for 300 years

64
Q

1559 - crisis?

A

Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
- Calais is not recovered
- Habsburg Valois war is over

65
Q

How was the loss of Calais economically significant?

A
  • loss of trade through port
  • staple merchants were less significant now, so not that relevant
  • had been expensive
66
Q

How was the loss of Calais moraley significant?

A
  • England had claimed this land since 1347 and was humiliating
    Spanish Marriage + Catholic policy = loss of Calais
  • embarrassment lead by Protestant propagandists
67
Q

What were the factors hindering restoration of Catholicism from Mary?

A
  • underestimated potential of literacy, critical works outnumbered hers 2:1
  • propaganda opportunities weren’t seized, eg. nothing made of Catholic-Protestant debates in 1554
68
Q

What were the factors hindering restoration of Catholicism from Pole?

A
  • Pole did not give ecclesiastical policy his full attention
  • Pole’s strategy to overhaul Church finance was tedious and took 18 months
69
Q

What were the factors hindering restoration of Catholicism from the Pope?

A
  • Pope Julius III died March 1555 and was a good friend of Pole
  • his successor Pope Paul IV was anti - Habsburg and in dispute with Phillip
70
Q

What were the factors hindering restoration of Catholicism from the Bishops?

A
  • 6 sees were left vacant of Bishops for most of the reign
  • catholic leaders wished to inform rather than persuade and didn’t feel heresy was that significant
71
Q

How many people did Mary burn?

A
  • 280 in 46 months
  • 5 bishops and 51 women
  • mainly from the south east
72
Q

How did Mary use sermons to eliminate Protestantism?

A
  • reconciliation with Rome announced by Gardiner December 1554
  • Catholic New Testament and new book of Homilies released
  • St Paul’s cross sponsored for sermons
73
Q

How did Mary use censorship of writing to eliminate Protestantism?

A
  • around 19,000 copies of the 1552 Prayer Book in circulation
  • 28th July 1553 - proclamation against seditious rumours
  • Latimer and Ridley still published pamphlets from inside prison
  • acts of Parliament made it a treasonable offence to slander Phillip or Mary
74
Q

How did Mary use the clergy to eliminate Protestantism?

A
  • 1555 the 12 Decrees to put and end to abuses
  • Pole arranged for the bishops to regularly visit their dioceses
75
Q

Who was John Foxe?

A

Protestant author of book of Martyrs

76
Q

What was the significance of Book of Martyrs?

A
  • first published in 1563 and had 5 editions in Elizabeth’s reign
  • condemned Mary for her cruelty and ungodliness
  • propaganda against Mary’s reign
77
Q

What were the reasons for Wyatt’s Rebellion?

A

Was dominated by a dislike for the royal marriage, but:
- many supporters from Maidstone, heavy Protestant population
- xenophobia
- decline in cloth industry

78
Q

Who was Wyatt’s rebellion leaders?

A

Edward Courtenay, meant to lead a rebellion in Devon but never materialised
Thomas Wyatt, force of 3000 men

79
Q

How was Wyatt’s rebellion defeated?

A

3rd Feb, rebels are prevented from crossing to the city
7th Feb, Wyatt surrenders at Ludgate

80
Q

Why was Wyatt significant?

A
  • while a minority, Protestants couldn’t be ignored
  • demonstrated the extent to which there was suspicion of the marriage
  • resulted in the execution of Lady Jane Grey
81
Q

What happened to Elizabeth in Wyatt’s rebellion?

A
  • arrested and confined to the Tower of London
  • interrogated by Paget and Gardiner
  • Paget recognised her as the future Queen so wished to not alienate
82
Q

When was Wyatt’s rebellion?

A

25th January - 7th February
1554

A-Level History - Tudors (27 decks)

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