13 and 14 - Edward VI Flashcards
What government legacy did Henry leave for Edward?
- balanced Privy Council
- Gardiner expelled, lent more Protestant
- 16 councillors to rule on behalf of Edward until 18
- ‘devise and ordain’ what they thought best
What were the similarities between Henry and Edward’s upbringings?
- separate from fathers
- raised by women
- obsession with 100 years war
- distrusting and vindictive
What were the differences between Henry and Edward’s upbringings?
- Henry grew up with his female family
- Edward raised to be king
When was Northumberland in power?
1550-1553
When was Somerset in power?
1547-49
Was Somerset fit to rule?
- March 1537 member of privy council
- 1540s, experience in diplomacy and battle
Was Northumberland fit to rule?
- Master of the Horse to Anne of Cleeves
- crushed Kett’s Rebellion 1549
How did Edward exercise influence?
Foreign Policy - interest in Hapsburg Valois wars
Economy - wrote about inflation
Evidence Edward had no role in government under Somerset
- much of his time in education
- ruled by dry stamp
- issued proclamations, over 70 in 3 years
- Micheal Stanhope
- meetings in Somerset house
Evidence Edward had a role in government under Somerset
- when Edward goes against, there is no hope in 1549
Evidence Edward had no role in government under Northumberland
- did not allow him in foreign policy
- John Gates had a dry stamp, one of his supporters
- John Gates watched over
Evidence Edward had a role in government under Northumberland
- attending privy council meetings by 1551
- setting agendas by 1552
- council decided he could reach majority at 16
September 1547
Battle of Pinkie
- Henry II sends 4000 soldiers to Scotland in June
- Somerset launches invasion
- they must return to London, domestic problems
1547-49 Garrisons
- Somerset establishes 25 garrisons and planned 24 more, inspired by Henry VIII
June 1548
10,000 French troops arrive in Scotland
- garrisons unworkable, troops organised by Henry II
- domestic problems at home meant troops had to be brought back
August 1549
France declare war on England
- Haddinton is besieged
England removed troops from Scotland
- had already withdrawn from Boulonge
March 1550
Treaty of Boulogne
- marriage between Edward and Henry II’s daughter
- defensive alliance largely organised by Northumberland
- no longer required to pay French Pension and £133,333 paid for port
April 1550
Reorganised Scottish border policy
- Northumberland organised and made himself General of the North
- by 1552, borders had returned to normal after pressure from France
July 1551
Treaty of Angers
- Edward becomes engaged to Elizabeth of France
Autumn 1551
Charles considers invasion of England
- Northumberland’s turn towards Protestantism angered Charles, cousin of Mary
How did Somerset impact finance?
- Vagrancy Act 1547, out of work for 3 days into slavery for 2 years
- spent £580,000 on Scotland
- 5% sheep tax in 1549
How did Northumberland impact finance?
- did not continue anti enclosure
- told people to trust debasement
- returns Boulogne for £133,333
- sold crown lands for £100,000
Thomas Gresham
- Lord Treasurer 1550
- paid off Antwerp debts in 2 years
What did the First Book of Common Prayer do?
- services in English
- communion in both kinds
- clerical marriage allowed
- holy days
- transubstantiation
What did the Second Book of Common Prayer do?
- established Eucharist in spiritual
- vestments banned
- altars for communion tables
- restrictions on church music
Eucharist
1549 - yes
1553 - in line with Calvinist belief of spiritual
What was the foreign policy situation in 1547?
- Treaty of Greenwich marriage between Edward and MQS
- victorious in Scotland but did not take advantage
- Habsburg-Valois war between France and HRE
- Auld alliance still intact
How could Charles V impact foreign policy?
- Charles could invade to restore Catholicism
- England needed an alliance against Spain and France
- Charles could provide mercenaries
How could Henry II impact foreign policy?
- held prisoner by Charles V as a child
- had removed Mary QoS from Scotland in 1548
- had ruined Somerset’s garrison
- major European figure
What religious reforms were introduced in July 1547?
- Royal Visitation - commissioners to examine clergy
- Book of Homilies - book of Protestant sermons written by Cramner and one supporting Lutheran beliefs, almost all Parishes by end of 1549
- Royal Injunctions - preach in English, English bibles and Protestant literature, superstitious images removed
What religious reforms were introduced in Nov-Dec Parliament 1547?
- Chantries Act - revived from Henry’s last Parliament, claimed them and condemned prayer for the dead
- Act of Six Articles repealed, no official doctrine
- Treason Act repealed - removed heresy laws
What religious reforms were introduced in 1548?
- Jan-March - proclamations asserting that Transubstantiation was still in force
- Feb - all images removed
- April - proclamation that only clergy can preach
- Sep - proclamation that only clergy can preach until new liturgy introduced
- Dec - First BoCP
What religious reforms were introduced in 1549?
- Jan - Act of Uniformity, CP becomes the liturgy
- Nov - Parliament removes all laws against clerical marriage
- Dec - Proclamation to destroy all remaining images
What religious reforms were introduced in 1550?
- Jan - new reformed ordinal
- Nov - removal of stone altars for wooden ones
What religious reforms were introduced in 1552?
- Jan - New Treason Act, offence to question royal supremacy
- Jan - Second CBoP
- April - Second act of Uniformity, enforced 2nd
- Nov - 42 Articles submitted, issued June 1553 but never law
What religious reforms were introduced in 1553?
Short catechism produced without Parliamentary approval, manual for teaching Church beliefs
How were parishes compliant with religious reforms?
- Barking sold off 6 candlesticks dutifully
- Kent and Smarden sold chalices to purchase new cloth
How were parishes disobediant with religious reforms?
- by 1552, Rayleigh still had 2 dozen vestments and altars
- in 1550 some clergy in Kent excommunicated as they delayed removal of altars
How were parishes partial with religious reforms?
- Wycombe concealed 3 sets of vestments
- Flawford hid images in floorboards, but not discovered until the 18th century
What is the Catholic evidence from the Church warden’s accounts?
- 1547 Trychay recorded that he distributed vestments among the farmers to avoid suspicion
- Trychay rejoiced at Mary’s return
What is the Catholic evidence from the wills?
- wills would often reference saints
- widows and spinsters only made up 8-10% of wills, small demographic
Where did the Western Rebellion take place?
Devon and Cornwall - same location as Cornish Rebellion
How did the Western Rebellion start?
Religious grievances and resentment over sheep tax
What was Sheep Tax?
Deterred the conversion of arable land to pasture, often enclosure
6th June - Western Rebellion
Formation of rebel camp near Bodin under Humphrey Arundell, built on anger that lead to the murder of William Body
11th June - Western Rebellion
Priest is persuaded by rebels in Stamford Courtenay to deliver a Catholic Mass
20th June - Western
Rebel camps converge on Crediton, army of 2000
21st June - Western
Dispute between rebels and Sir Peter Carew, who only aggravates the situation when one of his servants set fire to a barn
23rd June - Western
Army moves to Clyst St Mary near Exeter and Lord Russell is only provided with a small army as there were also Midland riots, Somerset only has 1000 men and 700 horsemen at his disposal
2nd July - Western
The rebels besiege Exeter for 6 weeks
8th July - Western
Russell fails again
28th July - Western
Russell advances on rebels, helped by reinforcements from Lord Grey on 3rd August
4th August - Western
rebels defeated at Clyst, 6000 rebels
6th August - Western
Russell relieves Exeter and reinforcements under Herbert arrive
16th August - Western
Rebels in Sampford Courtenay defeated and did not end until 3000 executed. Robert Welsh (assumed leader) is executed on his church tower
What was the background of Kett’s rebellion?
- located in East Anglia, most densely populated and industrialised part of the country
- Norwich had population of 16,0000
- collapse of cloth industry meant many were out of work
- enclosure affecting many small farmers
What were the trigger causes of Kett’s Rebellion?
- 6th to the 8th July, community around Wydmondham gather for a local feast
- anger spills over and enclosure fences are broken, such as Flowerdew
- local lawyer who was unpopular as he was pulling down a local abbey
How did the Kett’s Rebellion start?
- Flowerdew encourages rebels to attack Kett’s land, but Kett joins rebellion
- leading figures were yeoman farmers and local landowners
- 10th July, rebels reached Norwich
- 12th July, rebels camp at Mousehold Heath with a crowd of 16,000
What was the local reaction to Kett’s?
- gentry were powerless against such a well established force
- Norwich authority tried to keep good relations
First Government response to Ketts
21st July York Herald offers a pardon to rebels, but Kett rejects it despite popularity
The Descent into Bloodshed
- rebels fetch cannons from costal defences
- 22nd July, rebels take Norwich and herald flees to London
The government’s first attempt at suppression
- Somerset sends army of 1800 under Marquis of Northampton to cut off rebel supply lines
- 30th July they arrive and offer pardon which only 20 accept
- armies attack, rebels successfully recaptured Norwich
Full Scale Rebellion
- Northampton retreats to London
- troops taken from Scottish border to help and mercenaries employed
- Northumberland arrives with 12,000 men outside Norwich 23rd August
Government Suppression
- 26th August, Kett abandons the rebellion
- Northumberland’s army is bolstered by 1000 mercenaries
- 27th August, carnage and 3000 rebels slaughtered and Kett arrested
Aftermath of Ketts
- Kett hung for Treason 26th November
- Northumberland makes sure the rebels are dealt with lawfully, with only 49 clear executions
