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Human Nutrition Comp Exam > 560P Botanicals > Flashcards

560P Botanicals Flashcards

1
Q

______ increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity; liquefy pulmonary secretions
Ex: Eucalyptus, thyme

A

Expectorant herbs

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2
Q

______ form protective coating

Ex: Mullein, Marshmallow, Plantain

A

Mucilaginous herbs

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3
Q

What condition(s) are the tannin-containing herbs helpful in addressing?

A

Acute diarrhea

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4
Q

What herbs were formerly FDA-approved over-the-counter laxatives, but have since been disapproved due to modern efficacy and safety research?

A

Cascara and Aloe

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5
Q

What constituent of licorice can raise BP and is removed in some preparations?

A

Glycyrrhizin

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6
Q

What does a carminative do in the digestive system?

A

Relieves bloating and fullness

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7
Q

What does a cholagogue do in the digestive system?

A

Promotes bile production and emptying of the gallbladder

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8
Q

What does a bitter do in the digestive system?

A

Stimulates gastric secretions

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9
Q

What are the pharmaceutical medications with which St. John’s wort is most likely to interact in a significant way?

A

SSRIs
Protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors Anticoagulants
Immunosuppressants

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10
Q

What is the relationship between alliin, alliinase, and allicin in the pharmacokinetics of garlic?

A

Allianase acts on alliin to produce allicin

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11
Q

What does it mean for an herbal to “potentiate” a pharmaceutical medication? What precautions need to be taken in cases like this?

A

The herb increases the power or effect of the medication

Contraindications should be noted; taken with care

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12
Q
  • Discuss the history and evolution of the German Commission E and the development of its monographs on botanical therapeutics
A

The commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety

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13
Q
  • What is a “declared content” on a botanical label and why is it important with potentially toxic herbals?
A

Name of each ingredient and what it contains

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14
Q
  • Describe current supplement labeling regulations regarding health claims and structure/function properties of herbs.
A

In the U.S., the label can describe an effect on the structure or function of the body if supported by a reasonable amount of scientific evidence Therapeutic claims cannot be made on the label or in the package insert

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15
Q
  • What is an enteric coated capsule? In what ways can they be helpful and at what point should they be used in relation to a meal?
    1. Allow for controlled or delayed release of active ingredients
    2. Improves ease of swallowing
    3. Extends shelf life
    4. Masks any unpleasant tastes of active ingredients
    5. Taken at least one hour before a meal
    6. Coating protects the medicinal core
    7. All of the above
A
  1. All of the above
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16
Q
  • What is standardization about and what are its main purposes?
A

Standardization guarantees the content of one or more active constituents and marker compounds

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17
Q

common preparation using alcohol or alcohol+water to produce extracts of a wide variety of herbs and herb combinations

A

Tincture

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18
Q

especially useful for giving botanical medicines to children

A

Syrups

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19
Q

alcohol-free preparation that would be expected to contain only lipid-soluble components

A

Medicinal Oils

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20
Q

a solution of a volatile substance in alcohol of alcohol+water

A

Medicinal Spirits

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21
Q

made from fresh plant parts and contain water-soluble components

A

Plant Juices

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22
Q

water POURED boiling over herb and covered, STEEPED 10 minutes, then strain
(taken off the heat)

made with soft plant materials such as flowers, leaves and soft stems.
Decoction
Maceration
Infusion

A

Infusion

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23
Q

COVERED with water, boiled, SIMMER 10 minutes, strained
(left on the heat)
used for harder plant materials like roots, seeds and bark.

Decoction
Maceration
Infusion

A

Decoction

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24
Q

covered with room temperature water, stands 6 hours, strained

Decoction
Maceration
Infusion

A

Maceration

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25
Q
  • What are the key arguments AGAINST increasing regulation of botanical medicines in the United States?
A

-difficult to reach the proof for medical efficacy

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26
Q

the following describe _______.

  • many herbal products contain undisclosed prescription or over-the-counter drugs and heavy metals
  • standardizing herbal preparations promotes batch-to-batch consistency
  • more responsibility on the manufacturers of dietary supplements (evidence of good manufacturing practices)
  • ensuring what?s on the label is what?s inside
  • lack of routine reporting of adverse events
  • interactions between herbs and drugs
A

the key arguments FOR increasing regulation of botanical medicines in the United States

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27
Q

All of the following except one are good arguments in favor of stricter regulation of botanical medicines?. Which one is not a good argument?

  1. Interactions between herbs and drugs
  2. Excessive prices for commercial herbal products
  3. Adulteration of some preparations with drugs - Lack of routine reporting of adverse events
  4. Lack of standardization among herbal preparations
A
  1. Excessive prices for commercial herbal products
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28
Q

Which one of the following is not a difference between the US and European countries such as Germany regarding the status of herbal medicines?

  1. The U.S. has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products
  2. Herbal medicines are subjected to more regulation in European countries such as Germany.
  3. Herbal products are regulated as dietary supplements in the US.
  4. Herbal medicines have higher stature in medical education and clinical practice in European countries such as Germany.
A
  1. The U.S. has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products
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29
Q 
Digoxin is isolated from...
Foxglove leaf (Digitalis purpurea)
Opium poppy
Willow bark  (salicis cort)
Chinchona bark
A

Foxglove leaf (Digitalis purpurea)

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30
Q 
Codeine is isolated from...
Foxglove leaf (Digitalis purpurea)
Opium poppy
Willow bark  (salicis cort)
Chinchona bark
A

Opium poppy

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31
Q 
Aspirin is isolated from...
Foxglove leaf (Digitalis purpurea)
Opium poppy
Willow bark  (salicis cort)
Chinchona bark
A

Willow bark (salicis cort)

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32
Q 
Quinine (an anti parasite) is isolated from...
Foxglove leaf (Digitalis purpurea)
Opium poppy
Willow bark  (salicis cort)
Chinchona bark
A

Chinchona bark

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33
Q

A typical botanical extract can be expected to concentrate active substances from the dried herb by how much in terms of an herb-to-extract ratio?

9: 1
5: 1
1: 9
1: 5

A

5:1

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34
Q

What is the volatile oil content of typical herbs that contain such oils?

A

1-2%

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35
Q

Which of the following, if any, is not one of the factors that can affect the content of active constituents of medicinal herbs.

  1. Cultivation
  2. Climate
  3. Soil quality
  4. Plant genetics
  5. All of the above are factors
A
  1. All of the above
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36
Q

True or False: Standardization of botanical preparations is simply a process of adjusting chemistry to produce the desired content.

A

FALSE

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37
Q

Choose the correct statement about the use of solvents for preparing botanical extracts.

  1. Aqueous extracts are high in polar compounds while alcohol extracts are high in lipophilic constituents
  2. Aqueous and alcohol extracts are both high in polar compounds
  3. Aqueous and alcohol extracts are both high in lipophilic constituents
  4. Aqueous extracts are high in lipophilic constituents while alcohol extracts are high in polar compounds
  5. All are correct
A
  1. Aqueous extracts are high in polar compounds while alcohol extracts are high in lipophilic constituents
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38
Q

T or F: Using marker compounds to adjust the quality of botanical extracts can always be expected to guarantee consistent therapeutic potency of the product

A

FALSE

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39
Q

Which of the following, if any, is not true regarding fingerprint chromatograms?

  1. Can characterize the presence and relative amounts of several herb components
  2. Can be used to compare batches of the same product for quality control
  3. Can confirm product identity by comparing products to standard reference samples
  4. Utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography
  5. All are true
  6. All are false.
A
  1. All are true
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40
Q

Which of the following, if any, is not an advantage of coated tablets over uncoated tablets?

  1. Masks any unpleasant tastes of active ingredients
  2. Allows for controlled or delayed release of active ingredients
  3. Reduces the cost of the product
  4. Extends shelf life Improves ease of swallowing
  5. All are true
  6. All are false
A
  1. Reduces the cost of the product
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41
Q

When should enteric-coated tablets or capsules be taken?

A

At least 1 hour before a meal

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42
Q

T or F Pastilles and troches alternate terms for lozenges.

A

TRUE

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43
Q

Botanical product labels in the US are allowed to describe the purpose of the product according to which one of the following rules?

A

Can describe an effect on the structure or function of the body if supported by a reasonable amount of scientific evidence.

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44
Q

Indicate all of the correct statements below regarding the German Commission E.

  1. The Commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety
  2. Commission E monographs only review single herbs and preparations made from them
  3. The Commission E continues to gather and review monographs today - - The Commission E monographs are only available in German language editions
  4. All are correct
  5. None are correct
A
  1. The Commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety
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45
Q

The European Union relies on which agency to update critical information about phytomedicines?

A

European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy

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46
Q

T or F: The authors of our text present data showing that the placebo effect does not account for much of the therapeutic effect of treating disorders such as widespread pain, insomnia, gastric symptoms, and depression.

A

FALSE

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47
Q

When a study reports only the change in outcome within each group, this is called a __________ comparison, and is a common error that may fail to detect a __________.

A

before and after comparison,

placebo effect.

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48
Q

According to the Natural Standard Evidence-Based Validated Grading Rationale described in the file Important Terms in Botanical Medicine Research, what evidence grade would be given if any one of these criteria were met:

  1. Evidence of benefit only from 1 small randomized controlled trial (RCT) of inadequate size and quality of design
  2. Conflicting evidence of benefit from multiple RCTs with no clear benefit from the better designed trials,
  3. Evidence of benefit only from observational studies and non-randomized trials with no basic science supporting evidence
  4. Support only from basic science evidence or theory.
A

C (Unclear or conflicting scientific evidence)

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49
Q 
Allium sativa Is latin name for \_\_\_\_\_  :
garlic
Indian guar
red yeast
onion
A

garlic

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50
Q 
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus is the latin name for\_\_\_\_
garlic
Indian guar
red yeast
onion
A

Indian guar

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51
Q 
Monascus purpureus is the latin name for\_\_\_\_
garlic
Indian guar
red yeast
onion
A

red yeast

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52
Q 
Allium cepa  is the latin name for\_\_\_\_
garlic
Indian guar
red yeast
onion
A

onion

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53
Q 
What specific part of Allium saliva is used in botanical medicine?
bulb
leaf
seed coat (bran)
root
bark
A

bulb

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54
Q 
What specific part of Avena sativa is used in botanical medicine?
bulb
leaf
seed coat (bran)
root
bark
A

seed coat (bran)

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55
Q 
What specific part of Allium cepa is used in botanical medicine?
bulb
leaf
seed coat (bran)
root
bark
A

bulb

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56
Q 
What specific part of Ginkgo biloba is used in botanical medicine?
bulb
leaf
seed coat (bran)
root
bark
A

leaf

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57
Q 
Which two botanicals have been shown to increase walking distance in subjects with peripheral arterial disease?
Ginkgo biloba
garlic
Indian guar
red yeast
onion
A 
Allium sativa (garlic)
Ginkgo biloba
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58
Q

which garlic preparation is used in used in most clinical trials

A

garlic powder

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59
Q

which garlic preparation is used in used in steam distillation product subject to enzymatic and thermal breakdown of active constituents

A

garlic oil

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60
Q

which garlic preparation is used in fermentation product subject to degradation of active constituents

A

aged garlic

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61
Q

Which of the following, if any, is NOT a therapeutic effect of garlic demonstrated in at least some clinical studies?

  1. Inhibits progression of atherosclerosis
  2. Lowers blood triglycerides
  3. Lowers total blood cholesterol
  4. Lowers blood pressure
  5. All of the above are effects
  6. None of the above are effects
A
  1. All of the above
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62
Q

T or F: According to human research, garlic can reduce platelet aggregation after a few days of treatment.

A

FALSE

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63
Q

What is the daily intake of alliin associated with successful lipid-lowering in most clinical studies using garlic powder?
6 -10 mg
2-5 mg
10-12mg

A

About 6 -10 mg

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64
Q 
Which two adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking garlic?
Muscle pain
Excessive bleeding tendency 
Hypotension
Hypertension
Tenderness
Weakness
A

Excessive bleeding tendency

Hypotension

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65
Q

What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of guar gum on blood cholesterol?
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut

A

Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut

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66
Q

What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of red yeast rice on blood cholesterol?
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut

A

Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis

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67
Q

What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of garlic on blood cholesterol?
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut

A

Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis

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68
Q

Which family of active constituents associated with red yeast rice?
Monacolins
alpha-bisabolol
apigenin

A

Monacolins

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69
Q 
Which adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking red yeast rice?
Elevated liver enzymes
Muscle pain
Excessive bleeding tendency 
Hypotension
Hypertension
Tenderness
Weakness
A

Elevated liver enzymes, Muscle pain, tenderness, and weakness

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70
Q

According to the National Institutes of Health article, garlic has been found to interfere with the effectiveness of what type of drug?

A

an HIV drug

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71
Q

Which of the following is the most accurate list of possible side effects of ginkgo biloba?

  1. headache, itchy eyes, gastrointestinal issues, asthma, fatigue, and drowsiness
  2. anxiety, difficulty urinating, dry mouth, headache, heart damage, high blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms
  3. headache, nausea, gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, dizziness, or allergic skin reactions
  4. breath and body odor, heartburn, upset stomach, and allergic reactions
A
  1. headache, nausea, gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, dizziness, or allergic skin reactions
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72
Q

Large amounts of a dangerous toxin are found in which ginkgo preparation?

A

roasted seeds

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73
Q

Hamamelis virginiana Is latin for _____
witch hazel
comfrey
German chamomile

A

witch hazel

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74
Q

Matricaria recutita Is latin for _____
pineapple
evening primrose
German chamomile

A

German chamomile

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75
Q

Oenotherae biennis Is latin for _____
witch hazel
evening primrose
German chamomile

A

evening primrose

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76
Q

Ananas comosus Is latin for _____
comfrey
pineapple
witch hazel

A

pineapple (bromelain)

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77
Q

Symphytum officinale Is latin for _____
German chamomile
comfrey
witch hazel

A

comfrey

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78
Q

Melaleuca alternifolia Is latin for _____
evening primrose
tea tree oil
pineapple

A

tea tree oil

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79
Q 
Which specific part is used from Arnica?
seed oil
leaves and root
flower
leaves, twigs, and  bark
A

flower

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80
Q 
Which specific part is used from chamomile (Matricaria recutita)?
seed oil
leaves and root
flower
leaves, twigs, and  bark
A

flower

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81
Q 
Which specific part is used from
Evening primrose (Oenotherae biennis )?
seed oil
leaves and root
flower
leaves, twigs, and  bark
A

seed oil

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82
Q 
Which specific part is used from Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)?
seed oil
leaves and root
flower
leaves, twigs, and  bark
A

leaves, twigs, and bark

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83
Q 
Which specific part is used from Comfrey (Symphytum officinale)?
seed oil
leaves and root
flower
leaves, twigs, and  bark
A

leaves and root

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84
Q

Name the active constituent: Evening primrose oil (Oenotherae biennis )
gamma-linolenic acid
(+)-terpinen-4-ol
apigenin

A

gamma-linolenic acid

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85
Q

Name the active constituent: Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
tannins
alpha-bisabolol
apigenin

A

tannins

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86
Q

Name the active constituent: chamomile (Matricaria recutita) - exerts anxiety-reducing effects
apigenin
helenalin
tannins

A

apigenin

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87
Q

Name the active constituent: Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia)
(+)-terpinen-4-ol
apigenin
gamma-linolenic acid

A

(+)-terpinen-4-ol

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88
Q

Name the active constituent: chamomile (Matricaria recutita) - anti-inflammatory and antiphlogistic properties
apigenin
tannins
alpha-bisabolol

A

alpha-bisabolol

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89
Q

Name the active constituent: Arnica
helenalin
tannins
amma-linolenic acid

A

helenalin

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90
Q

promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention of post-operative or post-traumatic swelling, especially of the nose and paranasal sinuses

A

Bromelain (Ananas comosus)

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91
Q

__ has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention of Psoriasis and genital herpes

A

Aloe vera (A. barbadensis Mill)

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92
Q

_____ has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for cutaneous fungal infections

A

Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia)

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93
Q

_____ has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention hemorrhoidal disease. (Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus)

A

Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)

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94
Q

______ has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for atopic eczema

A

Evening primrose oil (Oenotherae biennis )

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95
Q

Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) products should have declared content of what potentially-toxic constituent?

A

unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids

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96
Q

Which botanical medicine may potentiate (increase power) the effects of anticoagulant and platelet-inhibiting medications?

A

Bromelain (Ananas comosus)

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97
Q

___ from Germany has shown positive results in the treatment of several types of skin disorders, including decubitus ulcers.

A

Chamomile (Matricaria recutita)

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98
Q

Which preparation of Aloe vera (A. barbadensis Mill) is suitable for topical treatment of skin conditions?

A

gel

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99
Q

An anti-inflammatory product called Phlogenzym (marketed in North America as Wobenzym PS) contains several ingredients, one of which is ___________.

A

bromelain (Ananas comosus)

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100
Q

Which botanical is used both topically as an extract in tinctures, ointments, and oils as well as orally in homeopathic dilutions?

A

arnica

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101
Q

Which botanical agent may increase the potency of certain antibiotics?

A

bromelain (Ananas comosus)

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102
Q

______ is the latin binomial name for Devil’s claw
Petasites hybridus
Harpagophytum procumbens
Tanacetum perthenium

A

Harpagophytum procumbens

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103
Q

______ is the latin binomial name for Feverfew
Petasites hybridus
Harpagophytum procumbens
Tanacetum perthenium

A

Tanacetum perthenium

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104
Q

______ is the latin binomial name for Butterbur
Petasites hybridus
Harpagophytum procumbens
Tanacetum perthenium

A

Petasites hybridus

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105
Q 
What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine?
Devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)
bulb
leaf
tuber
root
bark
A

tuber

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106
Q 
What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for Willow?
bulb
leaf
seed coat (bran)
root
bark
A

bark

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107
Q

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for Peppermint (Mentha × piperita)?

A

essential oil from leaf

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108
Q 
What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine? Feverfew (Tanacetum perthenium)
bulb
leaf
seed coat (bran)
root
bark
A

leaf

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109
Q

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine?
Butterbur (Petasites hybridus)

A

rhizome

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110
Q

parthenolide is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract of what botanical?
Feverfew (Tanacetum perthenium)
Willow bark (salicis cort)
Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)

A

Feverfew (Tanacetum perthenium)

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111
Q

capsaicinoids are the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract for which botanical ?
Feverfew (Tanacetum perthenium)
Cayenne
Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)

A

Cayenne

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112
Q

salacin is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract for which botanical?
Butterbur (Petasites hybridus)
Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)
Willow bark (salicis cort)

A

Willow bark (salicis cort)

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113
Q

iridoid glycosides are the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract for which botanical?
standardized extract for which botanical?
Butterbur (Petasites hybridus)
Willow bark (salicis cort)
Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)

A

Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)

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114
Q

Petadolex is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract for which botanical?
Butterbur (Petasites hybridus)
Willow bark (salicis cort)
Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)

A

Butterbur (Petasites hybridus)

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115
Q

In clinical trials using Harpagophytum (Devil’s claw) extracts with standardized active principle content, what is the minimum amount of harpagoside prescribed per day?

A

50 mg

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116
Q

T or F: Given the pharmacokinetics of harpagoside (active ingredient in Devil’s class) , both of the following statements are true: 1) a single morning dose could be expected to reduce symptoms within half an hour, and 2) relief should persist for the entire day.

A

FALSE

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117
Q

Persons allergic to members of the daisy family should be cautious consuming which TWO herbs?

A

Feverfew ((Tanacetum perthenium) and

Butterbur (Petasites hybridus)

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118
Q

Persons sensitive to aspirin should not use which herb?

A

Willow bark (salicis cort)

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119
Q

Which TWO botanicals have been shown effective against some types of pain when used topically?

A

Capsaicin (active constituent in Cayenne) and Peppermint (Mentha × piperita)

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120
Q

Which botanical has been shown clinically effective specifically against tension headache?

A

Peppermint (Mentha × piperita)

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121
Q

For which TWO painful conditions have Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) preparations been studied in controlled trials?

  1. Tension headache
  2. Diabetic neuropathy
  3. Chronic back pain
  4. Osteoarthritis
  5. Migraine headache
A

Osteoarthritis and Chronic back pain

122
Q

Which botanical has been found more effective as the whole dried herb than as an ethanolic extract?

  1. Boswellin
  2. Feverfew
  3. Butterbur
  4. Willow
A

Feverfew (Tanacetum perthenium)

123
Q

For which botanical extract is it important to have a guarantee that it is free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A

Butterbur (Petasites hybridus)

124
Q

Interrupting which herb after taking it for a long time may result in difficulty sleeping, headaches, joint pain, nervousness, and stiff muscles?

A

Feverfew (Tanacetum perthenium)

125
Q

T or F: The traditional use of ginkgo biloba is based on medicinal use in Asia, not in Europe.

A

TRUE

126
Q

Which part of the plant is used? Ginkgo biloba

A

leaf only

127
Q 
Which part of the plant is used St. John's wort?
bulb
leaf only 
leaf and flowers
root
bark
A

leaf and flowers

128
Q

Clinically-proven preparations are 4-7:1 concentrates:

St. John’s wort, Gingko biloba, or BOTH

A

St. John’s wort

129
Q

Clinically-proven preparations are 35-67:1 concentrates

St. John’s wort, Gingko biloba, or BOTH

A

Gingko biloba

130
Q

Clinically-proven preparations are acetone-water extracts:

St. John’s wort, Gingko biloba, or BOTH

A

Gingko biloba

131
Q

Clinically-proven preparations are alcohol-water extracts:

St. John’s wort, Gingko biloba, or BOTH

A

St. John’s wort

132
Q

Extracts contain phytochemicals from the flavonoid family:

St. John’s wort, Gingko biloba, or BOTH

A

BOTH

133
Q

Which constituent of ginkgo must be remove because it has been shown to incite allergic responses and other toxic reactions?

  1. bilobalides
  2. ginkgolic acids
  3. kaempferol glycosides
  4. ginkgolides
A

ginkgolic acids

134
Q

On which two families of constituents are medicinal ginkgo extracts standardized?

  1. hydroxykynurenic acids
  2. terpene lactones
  3. vanillic acids
  4. flavonoid glycosides
A

flavonoid glycosides and terpene lactones

135
Q

T or F: Since no pharmacokinetic studies of ginkgo extracts have been done, the amount absorbed and bioavailable is unknown.

A

FALSE

136
Q 
Inhibits synaptic reuptake of neurotransmitters:
Hypericum perforatum (St John's-wort) or Gingko biloba
A

Hypericum perforatum (St John’s-wort)

137
Q 
Upregulates 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors:
Hypericum perforatum (St John's-wort) or Gingko biloba
A

Hypericum perforatum (St John’s-wort)

138
Q 
Increases tolerance of brain tissue to hypoxia deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues):
Hypericum perforatum (St John's-wort) or Gingko biloba
A

Gingko biloba

139
Q 
Inhibits platelet activation factor (PAF):
Hypericum perforatum (St John's-wort) or Gingko biloba

Platelet-activating factor, also known as PAF, PAF-acether or AGEPC, is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, platelet aggregation and degranulation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.

A

Gingko biloba

140
Q 
Reduces "behavioral despair" in animal models:
Hypericum perforatum (St John's-wort) or Gingko biloba
A

Hypericum perforatum (St John’s-wort)

141
Q 
Increases skin reponse to the effects of UV radiation:
Hypericum perforatum (St John's-wort) or Gingko biloba
A

Hypericum perforatum (St John’s-wort)

142
Q 
Inhibits age-related decline of choline and alpha-adrenergic receptors:
Hypericum perforatum (St John's-wort) or Gingko biloba
A

Gingko biloba

143
Q 
Affects brain waves evaluated by computer-analyzed EEG:
Hypericum perforatum (St John's-wort) or Gingko biloba
A

Gingko biloba

144
Q

T or F: While ginkgo has been demonstrated to have value in the treatment of dementia, it has never been found helpful for improving cognitive function in non-demented subjects.

A

FALSE

145
Q

According to the German Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products, modern research on the efficacy of gingko biloba should assess all but one of the following categories of outcomes in patients with dementia. Which category is not a required outcome to assess?

  1. Activities of daily living, social behavior, care needs
  2. Global assessment of the patient by the physician
  3. Psychometric assessment of cognitive abilities
  4. Subjective self-assessment of patient’s mood state
A

Subjective self-assessment of patient’s mood state

146
Q

The German Commission E determined that ginkgo extracts were indicated for all of the following except

  1. intermittent claudication
  2. prevention of stroke
  3. vertigo or tinnitus, if due to vascular or involutional etiology
  4. cognitive deficits due to organic brain disease
A

prevention of stroke

147
Q

T or F: Only St. John’s wort extracts with moderate to high hyperforin content have been found effective in clinical trials

A

FALSE

148
Q

When assessing the response to antidepressant therapies using instruments such as the Hamiliton Depression Rating Scale, what percentage score improvement is considered good evidence of a meaningful response?

A

50%

149
Q

T or F: The placebo effect probaby accounts for at least 50% of the beneficial effects of St. John’s wort on depression

A

TRUE

150
Q

T orF: Lower cost and fewer adverse effects are two distinct advantages of either ginkgo or hypericum extracts over pharmaceutical medicines typically prescribed for dementia or depression, respectively.

A

TRUE

151
Q

T or F: Marked improvement in depressive symptoms can be expected to occur within one to two weeks of therapy with hypericum (SJW) extracts.

A

FALSE

152
Q

St. John’s wort (hypericum) may interact significantly with which of the following types of drugs? (choose all of the correct answers)

  1. Immunosuppressants
  2. Anticoagulants
  3. Protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  4. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
A

Immunosuppressants
Protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

153
Q

Piper methysticum is the latin name for:
Hops
kava
ginger

A

Kava

154
Q

Humulus lupulus is the latin name for:
Hops
kava
ginger

A

Hops

155
Q 
What is the plant part primarily used in Kava (Piper methysticum)?
flowers only, any gender
root
aerial parts, including fruits
stobiles (female flowers)
rhizome
A

rhizome

156
Q 
What is the plant part primarily used in Valerian?
flowers only, any gender
root
aerial parts, including fruits
stobiles (female flowers)
rhizome
A

root

157
Q 
What is the plant part primarily used in Lavender?
flowers only, any gender
root
aerial parts, including fruits
stobiles (female flowers)
rhizome
A

flowers only, any gender

158
Q 
What is the plant part primarily used in Hops (Humulus lupulus)?
flowers only, any gender
root
aerial parts, including fruits
stobiles (female flowers)
rhizome
A

stobiles (female flowers)

159
Q 
What is the plant part primarily used in Passion flower?
flowers only, any gender
root
aerial parts, including fruits
stobiles (female flowers)
rhizome
A

aerial parts, including fruits

160
Q

What is the active constituent of Valerian?

humulone and lupulone
sesquiterpenes
linalyl acetate and cineol
pyrones

A

sesquiterpenes

161
Q

What is the active constituent of Lavender?

humulone and lupulone
sesquiterpenes
linalyl acetate and cineol
pyrones

A

linalyl acetate and cineol

162
Q

What is the active constituent of Kava (Piper methysticum)?

humulone and lupulone
sesquiterpenes
linalyl acetate and cineol
pyrones

A

pyrones

163
Q

What is the active constituent of Hops (Humulus lupulus)?

humulone and lupulone
sesquiterpenes
linalyl acetate and cineol
pyrones

A

humulone and lupulone

164
Q

Human clinical studies of kava (Piper methysticum) have tested extracts with varying amounts of active constituents; what is the highest percentage content of actives tested?

  1. 70%
  2. 30%
  3. 15%
  4. 50%
A

70%

165
Q

Which potential adverse reaction to kava (Piper methysticum) has led to a product recall in Europe and a public warning issued by the US FDA?

  1. Liver damage
  2. Carcinogenicity
  3. Teratogenicity
  4. Kidney damage
A

Liver damage

166
Q

T or F: Aqueous and ethanol extracts of valerian root are equivalent in the quality of their actions.

A

FALSE

hydroalcoholic (ethanol) extracts being always more potent

167
Q

Which subspecies of Valerian is recommended for use in valerian preparations?

  1. indica
  2. edulis
  3. officinalis
  4. japonica
A

officinalis

168
Q

Valerian products with a high content of which constituent should not be used due to potential toxicity?

  1. Acetoxyvalerenic acid
  2. Valerenic acid
  3. Valepotriates
A

Valepotriates

169
Q

Upon which neurotransmitter does valerian appear to exert its pharmacological effects?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

170
Q

T or F: Kuhlmann (1999) demonstrated that valerian extract had no adverse effects on the reaction time, alertness, or concentration

A

TRUE

171
Q

T or F: Patients with sleep disturbances can expect to achieve improvement after only a few days of valerian use.

A

FALSE

172
Q

According to our text, which two additional herbal calmatives have been tested in combination with valerian in clinical studies?

  1. Lavender
  2. Passion flower
  3. Hops
  4. Lemon balm
  5. Kava
A 
Hops (Humulus lupulus)
Lemon balm (Melissa officianlis)
173
Q

All of the following measures except one were affected in human studies of the effects of lavender. Which measure was not assessed?

  1. Reductions in blood markers of the stress response
  2. Decline in EEG potentials that correlate with vigilance and alertness
  3. More relaxed and less depressed self-rated mood
  4. Increased “happiness” based on autonomic nervous system responses
  5. Self-rated sedation
A

Reductions in blood markers of the stress response

174
Q

What are the reported side effects of Kava (Piper methysticum)?
Breast growth in young boys
Dystonia
Headache, appetite changes, constipation
Interaction with drugs used for Parkinson’s disease

A

Dystonia (Involuntary muscle contractions that cause repetitive or twisting movements.)

Interaction with drugs used for Parkinson’s disease

175
Q

What is the reported side effect of Lavender (oral use)?
Breast growth in young boys
Dystonia
Headache, appetite changes, constipation
Interaction with drugs used for Parkinson’s disease

A

Headache, appetite changes, constipation

176
Q

What is the reported side effect of Lavender (topical use)?
Breast growth in young boys
Dystonia
Headache, appetite changes, constipation
Interaction with drugs used for Parkinson’s disease

A

Breast growth in young boys

177
Q 
Crataegus monogyna 
Horse chestnuts
Hawthorne
Kava
Hops
A

Hawthorne

178
Q 
Aesculus hippocastanum  
Horse chestnuts
Hawthorne
Kava
Hops
A

Horse chestnuts

179
Q 
Which plant part is used with the herb Hawthorne (Crataegus monogyna)?
seed
leaves and root
leaves and flowers
flower
A

leaves and flowers

180
Q 
Which plant part is used with the herb Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)?
seed
leaves and root
leaves and flowers
flower
A

seed

181
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_  is the active constituent of Hawthorne (Crataegus monogyna)?
sesquiterpenes
Hops (Humulus lupulus)
flavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins
linalyl acetate and cineol
A

flavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins

182
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_ is the the active constituent of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum):
flavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins
linalyl acetate and cineol
aescin 
flavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins
A

aescin

183
Q

A combination of hawthorne (Crataegus monogyna) extract and what essential oil was found effective for raising blood pressure in subjects with orthostatic hypotension?

A

camphor oil (Cinnamomum camphora)

184
Q

T or F: A single dose of hawthorne (Crataegus monogyna) extract has discernible effects on subjective complaints related to cardiac insufficiency

A

FALSE

185
Q

Indicate all of the pharmacological effects of hawthorne (Crataegus monogyna) extracts demonstrated in preclinical research in vitro or in animal models.

  1. Increase in coronary blood flow
  2. Increased amplitude of myocardial contractions
  3. Cardioprotective effects during recovery from cardiac ischemia, indicated by reduced release of lactate dehydrogenase
  4. Increase in cardiac stroke volume
  5. All of the above
  6. None of the above
A

all of the above

186
Q

How does hawthorne (Crataegus monogyna) extract differ pharmacologically from cardiac glycosides such as digitalis?

  1. Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet proarrhythmic
  2. Hawthorne is negatively inotropic yet proarrhythmic
  3. Hawthorne is negatively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
  4. Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
A

Hawthorne (Crataegus monogyna) is positively inotropic (agents increase the strength of muscular contraction) yet antiarrhythmic (used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart (used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart)

187
Q

All but one of the following herbs is a source of digitaloids that are not recommended for phytotherapeutic use due to their pharmacokinetic and other shortcomings. Which one?

  1. Lily-of-the-valley
  2. Oleander
  3. False hellbore
  4. Foxglove
A

Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)

188
Q

What is the correct description of the extraction method used to produce WS 1442, the hawthorne (Crataegus monogyna) extract used in many clinical studies of heart failure?

A

Water and alcohol extraction

189
Q

According to our text, what outcomes have been demonstrated in human studies of horse chestnut
(Aesculus hippocastanum) extract? Choose all answers that are correct.

  1. Significantly reduced foot and ankle edema after a long distance airplane flight
  2. Significantly reduced symptomatic complaints in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
  3. Equivalence between horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) extract and compression stocking therapy for reducing edema in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
  4. Significantly reduced leg volume in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
  5. All of the above
  6. None of the above
A

all

190
Q

Esculin is a toxin that must be processed out of ___________, and is one reason why the raw or unprocessed herb should not be used.

A

Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)

191
Q

Cynarum scolymus
Turmeric
Artichoke
Licorice

A

Artichoke

192
Q

Curcuma longa
Turmeric
Dandelion
Licorice

A

Turmeric

193
Q

Taraxacum officinalis
Artichoke
Turmeric
Dandelion

A

Dandelion

194
Q

Glycyrrhyza glabra
Dandelion
Artichoke
Licorice

A

Licorice

195
Q 
Which plant part is used for Gentian?
Root and rhizome
Rhizome only
Leaves only
Flowers
A

Root and rhizome

196
Q 
Which plant part is used for Artichoke?
Root and rhizome
Rhizome only
Leaves only
Flowers
A

Leaves only

197
Q 
Which plant part is used for Ginger?
Root and rhizome
Rhizome only
Leaves only
Flowers
A

Rhizome only

198
Q

Which plant part is used for Chamomile (Matricaria recutita)?

A

Flowers

199
Q

What is the active constituent of Peppermint (Mentha × piperita)?

A

Menthol

200
Q

What is the active constituent of Turmeric?

A

Curcumin

201
Q

What is the active constituent of Artichoke?
Cynarum scolymus
Cynarin
Curcumin

A

Cynarin

202
Q 
best herb for:  Complaints in the upper abdomen aggravated by fat intake
Licorice
Caraway
Peppermint oil (Mentha × piperita)
Artichoke
A

Artichoke

203
Q 
best herb for: Irritable bowel syndrome
Licorice
Caraway
Peppermint oil (Mentha × piperita)
Artichoke
A

Peppermint oil (Mentha × piperita)

204
Q 
best herb for: Peptic ulcer  
Licorice
Caraway
Peppermint oil (Mentha × piperita)
Artichoke
A

Licorice

205
Q 
A combination of peppermint (Mentha × piperita) oil and which other essential oil has been shown effective for treating functional dyspepsia (pain, bloating, etc)?
Licorice
Caraway
Peppermint oil (Mentha × piperita)
Artichoke
A

Caraway

206
Q

As treatment or prevention of nausea and vomiting, the effectiveness of ginger is least convincing when which of the following is the cause?

  1. Postoperative
  2. Chemotherapy
  3. Morning sickness
  4. Sea sickness
A

Postoperative

207
Q

T or F: In the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, peppermint (Mentha × piperita) oil given in delayed-release (enteric-coated) formulations has more clinical evidence than conventional formulations, and may be less likely to cause side effects of nausea, heartburn, and abdominal discomfort.

A

TRUE

208
Q

Which component of licorice has mineralocorticoid-like action, and is removed in some formulations to prevent side effects of blood pressure elevation and potassium loss?

  1. Paparavine
  2. Liquiritin
  3. Glycyrrhizin
  4. Absinthin
A

Glycyrrhizin

209
Q

Which herb is recommended NOT to be used in large amounts during pregnancy, based on research suggesting increased risk of preterm labor?

A

Licorice

210
Q

Vaccinium myrtillus
Psyllium
Milk thistle
Bilberry

A

Bilberry

211
Q

Plantago species
Licorice
Psyllium
Milk thistle

A

Psyllium

212
Q

Silybum marianum
Psyllium
Milk thistle
Licorice

A

Milk thistle

213
Q

T or F: the mechanism of action Saccharomyces boulardii is to antagonize pathogens and stimulate enteric immune system

A

TRUE

214
Q

What is the mechanism of action: Psyllium husk

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative

A

Bulk forming laxative

215
Q

What is the mechanism of action: Sorbitol

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative

A

Osmotic laxative

216
Q

What is the mechanism of action: Senna pods and leaves

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative

A

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa

217
Q

What is the mechanism of action: Aloe latex

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative

A

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa

218
Q

Tannin-containing herbs can play an important role in the control of which health condition?

A

Acute diarrhea

219
Q

T or F: Consumption of 2 liters per day of tea by healthy subjects for four days resulted in prolonged intestinal transit time.

A

TRUE

220
Q

The ability of apples, bananas, and carrots to help control diarrhea can be attributed to which common constituent?

A

Pectins

221
Q

According to our text, Saccharomyces boulardii has been effective for controlling or preventing diarrhea resulting from all but one of the following causes. Which one?

  1. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  2. Travel-related diarrhea
  3. Nutritionally-related (feeding by gavage)
  4. Infectious diarrhea
A

Infectious diarrhea

222
Q

T or F: Wheat bran having coarse particles will be less effective for shortening intestinal transit time than wheat bran having smaller particles.

A

FALSE

223
Q

Which type of botanical remedy for constipation is most likely to produce adverse effects of loose stools and colicky abdominal pain.

  1. Osmotic agents
  2. Anthranoid-containing herbs
  3. Bulk-forming agents
A

Anthranoid-containing herbs

224
Q

Which of the following is an FDA-approved non-prescription drug?

  1. Cascara
  2. Senna
  3. Rhubarb
  4. Buckthorn
A

Senna

225
Q

Which TWO laxative herbs are no longer FDA-approved for use in over-the-counter medications due to lack of modern clinical and safety data?

  1. Cascara
  2. Aloe
  3. Senna
  4. Rhubarb
A

Cascara and aloe

226
Q

Which botanical laxative is contraindicated in cases of biliary obstruction and other biliary (refers to the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, and how they work ) disorders?

  1. Aloe
  2. Castor oil
  3. Senna
  4. Buckthorn
A

Castor oil

227
Q

Senna may be contraindicated in people taking either diuretics, horsetail, or licorice, due to concerns about altered blood levels of ___________
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium

A

Potassium

228
Q

Allergic reactions to milk thistle are more common among people allergic to all of the following except one. Which one?

ragweed
chrysanthemum
marigold
Wheat
daisy
A

Wheat

229
Q

Serenoa repens
Black cohosh
Saw palmetto
Pygeum

A

Saw palmetto

230
Q

Urtica dioica
Nettle
Chasteberry
Wheat

A

Nettle

231
Q

Prunus africana
Chasteberry
Pygeum
Black cohosh

A

Pygeum

232
Q

Vitex agnus-castus
Saw palmetto
Chasteberry
Nettle

A

Chasteberry

233
Q

Cimicifuga racemosa
Chasteberry
Pygeum
Black cohosh

A

Black cohosh

234
Q

Which plant part is used in Saw palmetto?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome

A

Fruit

235
Q

Which plant part is used in Chasteberry?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome

A

Fruit

236
Q

Which plant part is used in Nettle?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome

A

Root and/or rhizome

237
Q

Which plant part is used in Black cohosh?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome

A

Root and/or rhizome

238
Q

Which plant part is used in Pygeum?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome

A

Bark

239
Q

Fatty acids and sterols are the active constituents of ____
Pygeum
Saw palmetto
Black cohosh

A

Saw palmetto

240
Q

Phytosterols, pentacyclic terpenes, and ferulic acid estersare the active constituents of ____
Pygeum
Saw palmetto
Black cohosh

A

Pygeum

241
Q

Triterpene glycosides are the active constituents of ____
Pygeum
Saw palmetto
Black cohosh

A

Black cohosh

242
Q

T or F: Fat soluble extract prepared with hexane or liquid carbon dioxide are the extraction features of clinically-studied preparations of Saw palmetto.

A

TRUE

243
Q

What is the extraction features of clinically-studied preparations of Nettle?

11: 1 herb to extract ratio prepared with alcohol-water solvent
10: 1 herb to extract ratio prepared with methanol-water solvent
10: 1 herb to extract ratio prepared with alcohol-water solvent
11: 1 herb to extract ratio prepared with methanol-water solvent

A

10:1 herb to extract ratio prepared with methanol-water solvent

244
Q

Which herb has been best demonstrated for effectiveness against benign prostatic hypertrophy, based on the largest number of total subjects enrolled in randomized controlled trials, and comparisons with both placebo and established medical therapies?
Horse chestnut
garlic
saw palmetto

A

Saw palmetto

245
Q

All of the following mechanisms, except one, have been demonstrated for saw palmetto extracts. Which one has NOT been demonstrated for saw palmetto extracts?

  1. Reduce blood prolactin levels
  2. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme
  3. Inhibit prostatic aromatase
  4. Anti-inflammatory effects
A

Inhibit prostatic aromatase

246
Q

All of the following mechanisms, except one, have been identified for nettle extracts. Which one is NOT a mechanism for nettle extracts?

  1. Inhibit prostatic aromatase
  2. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme
  3. Anti-inflammatory effects
  4. Reduce blood prolactin levels
A

Reduce blood prolactin levels

247
Q

Two of the following mechanisms have been demonstrated for pygeum extracts, one has not. Which one has NOT been demonstrated for pygeum extracts?

  1. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme
  2. Inhibition of aromatase enzyme activity
  3. Interactions with sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
A

Interactions with sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)

248
Q

The clinical effects of chasteberry probably depend on modifying the activity of which hormone?

A

Prolactin

249
Q

A case of necrotizing hepatitis has been associated with use of which herb?

A

Black cohosh

250
Q

Which of the following is TRUE?

  1. Saw palmetto appears to affect readings of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels
  2. Blue cohosh is an acceptable substitute for black cohosh
  3. People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson’s disease medications, should avoid using chasteberry.
A

People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson’s disease medications, should avoid using chasteberry.

251
Q

Which of the following best describes the assumption regarding the anti-stress function of herbs such as the ginsengs?

  1. Expands both the adaptation phase and the exhaustion phase of the stress response.
  2. Delays or prevents both the adaptation phase and the exhaustion phase of the stress response.
  3. Expands the adaptation phase while delaying or preventing the exhaustion phase of the stress response.
  4. Expands the exhaustion phase while delaying or preventing the adaptation phase of the stress response.
A

Expands the adaptation phase while delaying or preventing the exhaustion phase of the stress response.

252
Q 
Eleutherococcus senticosus 
Siberian ginseng
Gotu kola
Goldenseal
American ginseng
A

Siberian ginseng

253
Q 
Panax quinquefolius 
Siberian ginseng
Cat's claw
American ginseng 
Gotu kola
A

American ginseng

254
Q

Unicaria tomentosa or guianensis
Siberian ginseng
Goldenseal
Cat’s claw

A

Cat’s claw

255
Q

Centella asiatica
Cat’s claw
American ginseng
Gotu kola

A

Gotu kola

256
Q

Hydrastis canadensis
American ginseng
Gotu kola
Goldenseal

A

Goldenseal

257
Q

Which plant part is used in Ginseng and Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)?

A

Root

258
Q 
Glycosidal saponins  are the active constituents in \_\_\_\_\_
Asian ginseng
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)
Grape seed
European mistletoe
Goldenseal
A

Asian ginseng

259
Q 
Lignan glycosides are the active constituents in \_\_\_\_\_
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)
Grape seed
European mistletoe
Asian ginseng
Goldenseal
A

Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)

260
Q 
Procyanidins are the active constituents in \_\_\_\_\_
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)
Grape seed
Asian ginseng
Goldenseal
European mistletoe
A

Grape seed

261
Q 
Lectins are the active constituents in \_\_\_\_\_
Asian ginseng
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)
Grape seed
European mistletoe
Goldenseal
A

European mistletoe

262
Q 
Berberine is  the active constituents in \_\_\_\_\_
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)
Grape seed
European mistletoe
Asian ginseng
Goldenseal
A

Goldenseal

263
Q

Clinical studies of Asian ginseng before 1990, while not always meeting current standards of research methodology, suggested most of the following effects in humans. Which one of the following was NOT suggested by early clinical studies?

  1. Improved physical performance
  2. Improved mood
  3. Improved intellectual performance
  4. Improved resistance to infection
A

Improved resistance to infection

264
Q

According to our text, what is the likely reason that western ginseng trials have not produced results as promising as Asian tradition and research has suggested?

A

Western trials used dosages that were too low

265
Q

According to the German Commission E monograph, all of the following uses for ginseng except one are recommended. Which one is not recommended in the monograph?

  1. For declining capacity for work and concentration
  2. For fatigue and debility
  3. To improve mood
  4. As an aid to convalescence
A

To improve mood

266
Q

What type of Cat’s claw preparation was shown to be effective for osteoarthritis?

  1. Essential oil
  2. Alcohol-based extract
  3. Dried powdered herb
  4. Water-based extract
A

Water-based extract

267
Q

Which of the following is not a source of “polyphenolic oligomers of the flavonoid type”

  1. Green tea
  2. Cordyceps
  3. Pine bark
  4. Grape seed
A

Cordyseps

268
Q

Which herb has been extensively studied in humans as a treatment for cancer?

  1. Asian ginseng
  2. Echinacea
  3. Astralagus
  4. European mistletoe
A

European mistletoe

269
Q

T or F: Goldenseal is most appropriate for antimicrobial treatment of intestinal infections, not systemic infections, due to poor absorption of its active constituents.

A

TRUE

270
Q

Which two preparations of Echinacea were approved by German Commission E?

  1. Expressed juices of the aerial parts of E. pallida
  2. Alcohol extracts of the root of E. pallida
  3. Expressed juices of the aerial parts of E. purpurea
  4. Alcohol extracts of the root of E. purpurea
A

Expressed juices of the aerial parts of E. purpurea

and Alcohol extracts of the root of E. pallida

271
Q

Which constituent is apparently not present in expressed juice echinacea products?

  1. alkamides
  2. polysaccharides
  3. cicoric acid
A

cicoric acid

272
Q

T or F: Studies such as Dorn (1989), showing that echinacea can shorten the duration of a cold, typically give larger amounts of the preparation when symptoms first appear, followed by a smaller dosage for the remainder of treatment.

A

TRUE

273
Q

According to our text, why may liquid echinacea preparations be more effective than solid forms that are swallowed?

  1. Liquid preparations may encourage better compliance
  2. Liquid preparations may have higher concentrations of active constituents
  3. Liquid preparations may act locally on lymphoid tissues in the oropharynx
  4. Liquid preparations may be better absorbed
A

Liquid preparations may act locally on lymphoid tissues in the oropharynx

274
Q

All of the following side effects have been reported for ginseng. According to NCCAM, which group may have been due to another herb or drug in the ginseng product?

  1. Headaches and sleep and gastrointestinal problems
  2. Allergic reactions
  3. Lower levels of blood sugar in diabetics
  4. Breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, and high blood pressure
A

Breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, and high blood pressure

275
Q

People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to echinacea if they are allergic to which of the following groups of plants?

  1. Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies
  2. Pigweed/tumbleweed, Russian thistle and green molly
  3. Mountain cedar, maple, elm
  4. Ryegrass, timothy, blue, and orchard grasses
A

Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies

276
Q

What is the physiological action of a Diaphoretic?

  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
  • Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx
  • Induces perspiration
  • Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
A

Induces perspiration

277
Q

What is the physiological action of an Expectorant?

  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
  • Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx
  • Induces perspiration
  • Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
A

Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions

278
Q

What is the physiological action of an Anti-tussive?

  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
  • Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx
  • Induces perspiration
  • Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
A

Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx

279
Q

What is the physiological action of a Mucilaginous?

  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
  • Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx
  • Induces perspiration
  • Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
A

Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa

280
Q

Sambucus nigra
Elder
Ivy
Butterbur

A

Elder

281
Q

Hedera helix
Elder
Ivy
Butterbur

A

Ivy

282
Q

Petasides hybridus
Elder
Ivy
Butterbur

A

Butterbur

283
Q 
Which plant part is used in Ivy?
bulb
leaf
leaf and flowers
root
bark
A

Leaf

284
Q 
Which plant part is used in Linden, elder, or meadowsweet?
bulb
leaf only 
flowers
root
bark
A

Flower

285
Q 
Which plant part is used in Eucalyptus?
bulb
leaf only 
leaf and flowers
root
bark
A

Leaf

286
Q

What is the active constituent of Eucalyptus ?
Cineol
Saponins
Alkaloids

A

Cineol

287
Q

What is the active constituent of Ivy?
Cineol
Saponins
Alkaloids

A

Saponins

288
Q

What is the active constituent of Ephedra?
Cineol
Saponins
Alkaloids

A

Alkaloids

289
Q

Which one of the following herbs has NOT been traditionally used to induce diaphoresis (sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease or a side effect of a drug.)?

  1. Elder
  2. Linden
  3. Ivy
  4. Meadowseet
A

Ivy (Hedera helix)

290
Q

T or F: Research on the pain-relieving efficacy of willow bark (salicis cort) proves that virtually all of the effect is due to the salicylate content of the herb.

A

FALSE

291
Q

Which one of the following herbs is NOT used as a source of essential oils in cough remedies and expectorants?

  1. Eucalyptus
  2. Pine
  3. Butterbur
  4. Thyme
A

Butterbur (Petasites hybridus)

292
Q

Prospan is the brand name of the herbal product containing which botanical species?

A

Hedera helix (Ivy)

293
Q 
Which plant part(s) of petasides hybridus (butterbur)  was first used for an extract called Ze 339, developed to treat allergic rhinitis?
bulb
leaf only 
leaf and flowers
root
bark
A

leaf

294
Q

Which herb has potential adverse effects including palpitations, elevated blood pressure, and sleeplessness?

A

Ephedra

295
Q

Which one of the following has NOT been traditionally used as a mucilaginous herb?

  1. Mullein
  2. Ivy
  3. Marshmallow
  4. Plantain
A

Ivy (Hedera helix)

296
Q

Indicate which one of the clinical conditions listed that has NOT responded to treatment with ivy (Hedera helix) extract in controlled trials, according to our text.

  1. Chronic obstructive bronchitis in adults
  2. Chronic obstructive bronchitis in children
  3. Respiratory infections in children
  4. Bronchial asthma in children
A

Respiratory infections in children

297
Q

Which two of the following botanicals can contain potentially toxic pyrrolizidines?

  1. Plantain
  2. Butterbur
  3. Coltsfoot
  4. Mallow
A

Coltsfoot and Butterbur (Petasites hybridus)

298
Q

People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to butterbur if they are allergic to:

A

Ragweed
Chrysanthemums
Marigolds
Daisies

299
Q

Avena sativa is the latin name for :

A

Oat

300
Q

Hypericum perforatum is the latin name for:

A

St John’s Wort

301
Q

Boswellia serrata is the latin name for:

A

Frankincense

302
Q 
What herbals are most known for potentiating anticoagulant medications?
Bromelain (Ananas comosus)
St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) 
Frankincense
Oat
A

Bromelain (Ananas comosus), St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum)

Human Nutrition Comp Exam (31 decks)

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