560C Test 1

Question 1

two classes of vitamin E

Answer 1

 Tochopherols

 Tocotreinols (trienols)

Question 2

vitamin E vitamers

Answer 2

alpha, beta, gamma, delta

Question 3

only this has biological activity and can meet needs of the vitamin E

Answer 3

alpha- tocopherol

Question 4

sources vitamin E

Answer 4

o Primarily plant foods
o Especially oils
o Sunflower, wheat germ, canola, rich in alpha tocopherol
o Soybean, corn less alpha higher gamma
o Green portions of leafs, - alpha tocopherol

Question 5

RDA Vitamin E

Answer 5

o RDA 15 mg of RRR alpha-tochopherol, men women and prego. 19mg in lactating

Question 6

where is vitamin E absorbed

Answer 6

the jejunum by passive diffusion

Question 7

how do you test for vitamin E

Answer 7

 Blood analyses

Question 8

what is the normal blood plasma for vitamin E

Answer 8

5- 20ug

Question 9

who is at risk for vitamin E deficiency

Answer 9

including premature infants and those with fat malabsorption disorders like , cystic fibrosis and hepatobilary system disorders, like chronic cholestasis

Question 10

symptoms of vitamin E deficiency

Answer 10

o Skeletal muscle pain (myopathy) and weakness, Ceroid pigment accumulation, Hemolytic anemia, and degenerative neurological problems (peripheral neuropathy ataxia, loss of vibratory sense, and loss of coordination of limbs

Question 11

symptoms of vitamin E toxicity

Answer 11

o Mild gastrointestinal problems, nausea, diarrhea and flatulence, inpaired blood coagulation, possible increased severity of respiratory infections and occasional reports of muscle weakness fatigues and double vision. Increased mortality. (over 1000 mg)

Question 12

what is the TU for vitamin E

Answer 12

1,000 mg

Question 13

functions of Vitamin E

Answer 13

antioxidant, maintains cell membrane, oxidation protection, helps with age related macular degeneration (cataracts)

Question 14

vit/min that work with vitamin E

Answer 14

selenium and vitamin C

Question 15

How does vitamin C help E

Answer 15

C regenerates E

Question 16

vitamin E interference

Answer 16

high intake E can interfere with other fat soluble vitamins, inhibits absorption and metabolism. impairs vitamin K

Question 17

vitamin E cell membrane function

Answer 17

improves membrane structure , to enhance cellular glucose uptake

Question 18

Vit E lipid peroxidation function

Answer 18

 suggested to diminish oxidation in those with conditions characterized by lipid peroxidation such as iron toxicity and diabetes.
 alpha-tocopherol also protects the fats in low density lipoproteins (LDLs) from oxidation.

Question 19

where is Vit E stored?

Answer 19

no single organ. mostly in adipose tissue.

Question 20

vit E function glucose transport

Answer 20

may improve insulin action and glucose disposal

Question 21

two kinds of vitamin K

Answer 21

o Phylloquinone K1

o Menaquinone K2

Question 22

sources of K1 (phylloquinone)

Answer 22

 From plant sources – green leafy
 Oils and margarines
 Rapeseed and soybean oil

Question 23

sources of K2 Menaquinone

Answer 23

bacteria in intestines, animal foods: liver, fermented cheese and soybean

Question 24

daily value of vit K

Answer 24

80µg

Question 25

what destroys vit K

Answer 25

Exposure to light and heat

Question 26

where does K1 absorb

Answer 26

requires no digestion, absorbed from the small intestine, jejunum as part of micelles

Question 27

where does K2 absorb

Answer 27

Synthesized by some bacteria in lower digestive tract absorbed by passive diffusion from the ileum and colon

Question 28

Normal blood plasma phylloquninone concentrations

Answer 28

0.15- 1.15 ng/mL (.3-2.5 nmol/L)

Question 29

where is vit K stored?

Answer 29

cell membranes in several tissues - Lungs, kidneys, bone marrow and adrenal glands

Question 30

is there limited or large storage cap for vit K?

Answer 30

With limited vitamin K storage capacity, the body recycles vitamin K in the vitamin K oxidation-reduction cycle in order to reuse it multiple times.(More information)

Question 31

function of Vit K

Answer 31

blood clotting. forms GLA, bone miberlization.

Question 32

how is vit K best absorbed?

Answer 32

with fat

Question 33

how do you test for vit K?

Answer 33

* Plasma or serum concentrations of phylloquinone reflect recent intake * Whole blood clotting times and prothrombin time can identify deficiency

Question 34

is deficiency likely with vit K?

Answer 34

no

Question 35

what is the level of Vit K deficiency

Answer 35

.5 ug/L associated

Question 36

what are signs of of Vit K deficiency

Answer 36

Bleeding (hemorrhage), bone mineral density diminished, increased fractures, CVD, arterial calcification, inflammation, clotting issues

Question 37

who is most at risk for vit K deficiency

Answer 37

* New born infants * Chronic antibiotics; destruction of Gi bacteria * Severe gastrointestinal malabsorptive disorders – cystic fibrosis, obstructive jaundice, Crohn’s, intestinal bypass surgery, chronic pancreatitis, and liver disease * Elderly

Question 38

what is the TU of vit k

Answer 38

none established

Question 39

what are signs of vit k toxicity

Answer 39

no known toxicity from natural forms

Question 40

vitamins that interfere with vit K

Answer 40

 Vitamins A and E antagonize Vitamin K • Excess of both interfere with vitamin K absorption • Vitamin E may also inhibit metabolism of MK-4 to phylloquinone and increase hepatic oxidation and excretion of all forms of Vitamin K

Question 41

who is at risk for vit K deficiency

Answer 41

infants, lack of vit k in milk

Question 42

results of vit K deficiency in infants

Answer 42

bleeding with in skull

Question 43

meds that interfere with vit K

Answer 43

warfarin, blood thinners

Question 44

Glycogenesis

Answer 44

synthesis of glucose

Question 45

Glycogenolysis

Answer 45

breakdown of glycogen into glucose units

Question 46

Glycolysis

Answer 46

oxidation of glucose

Question 47

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 47

production of glucose from noncarbohydrate intermediates

Question 48

what is insulin

Answer 48

Regulates level of blood glucose during periods of feeding and fasting

Question 49

what is glycagon

Answer 49

a hormone formed in the pancreas that promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

Question 50

what is GI

Answer 50

o Index – alternative way to classify dietary carbohydrates by their impact on bloo glucose levels caused by ease of digestion and absorption

Question 51

what is GL

Answer 51

equals the glycemic index times the grams of carbohydrate in a typical portion of food

Question 52

how is NADH produced

Answer 52

product of the Krebs cycle

Question 53

• Glucose 6 phosphatase

Answer 53

o Glucose 6-phosphatase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate, resulting in the creation of a phosphate group and free glucose.

Question 54

where does glycolysis take place

Answer 54

cytosol

Question 55

where does Krebs take place

Answer 55

mitochondria

Question 56

what does Electron transport chain take place

Answer 56

mitochondria

Question 57

what does gluconeogenesis occur

Answer 57

in liver (kidneys during starvation)

Question 58

components of saliva

Answer 58

o 99.5% water o Dissolves food o Principal enzyme alpha amylase (ptyalin)

Question 59

Alpha amylase

Answer 59

 Originates in salivary glands, mouth |  Hydrolyzes starch

Question 60

volume of stomach full vs empty

Answer 60

empty 50mL (2oz) full 1 - 1.5 L (~37-52 oz)

Question 61

• Neck (mucus) cells

Answer 61

located close to the surface mucosa, secrete bicarbonate and mucus

Question 62

• Parietal (oxyntic) cells

Answer 62

secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Question 63

• Chief cells (peptic or zymogenic cells

Answer 63

secrete pepsinogens

Question 64

• Enteroendocrine cells

Answer 64

secrete variety of hormones

Question 65

• Parietal cells

Answer 65

an oxyntic (acid-secreting) cell of the stomach wal

Question 66

• G cells

Answer 66

stimulate hydrochloric acid release

Question 67

• Hydrochloric acid

Answer 67

o converting or activation zymogen pepsinogen to from pepsin o denaturing proteins which results in the destruction of tertiary and secondary protein structure and thereby opens interior bonds to the proteolytic effect of the enzyme pepsin o releases various nutrients from organic complexes o acting as bactericide agent, killing many bacteria ingested along with food

Question 68

what is pepsin

Answer 68

the chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides.

Question 69

CCK

Answer 69

increase intestinal motility

Question 70

gastrin (GRP)/bombesin

Answer 70

Stimulate gastric secretion

Question 71

secretin

Answer 71

inhibits gastric secretion

Question 72

MALT

Answer 72

• Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Question 73

GALT

Answer 73

• Gut associated lymphoid tissue

Question 74

microfold M cells

Answer 74

important for the induction of efficient immune responses to some mucosal antigens in Peyer's patches

Question 75

 Dendritic Cells

Answer 75

o Type of macrophage o Found in GI tract o Destroy foreign antigens and stimulate lymphocytes to destroy antigens

Question 76

what are the accessory organs

Answer 76

 Pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Question 77

Pancreas

Answer 77

makes endocrine and exocrine cells

Question 78

Acinar cells

Answer 78

o The pancreatic acinar cell is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas. It synthesizes, stores, and secretes digestive enzymes.

Question 79

what is the function of bile

Answer 79

o Acids and salts act as detergents to emulsify lipids  Breakdown large fat globules into small fat droplets  Help absorb lipids by forming small, spherical cylindrical or disc like complexes called micelles

Question 80

% of bile reabsorbed by ileum

Answer 80

90%

Question 81

How long for macros to be absorbed from chyme after in intestine

Answer 81

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats absorb within 30 min after chyme reached small intestine

Question 82

Which hormones involved in suppression and satiety

Answer 82

leptin,

Question 83

what hormone stimulates apatite

Answer 83

Ghrelin

Question 84

active transport

Answer 84

 the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

Question 85

Passive transport

Answer 85

is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of chemical energy, being driven by the growth of entropy of the system.