560H Developmental Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
Use of which of the following herbs will reduce milk flow? (3)
A
- Castor bean
- Jasmine flower
- Sage
2
Q
Which of the following nutrition factors would be related to infertility in men? (4)
A
- Following a weight-loss diet that resulted in a body weight 15% below normal
- A high alcohol intake
- An inadequate intake of antioxidants
- An inadequate intake of zinc
3
Q
What nutrients have been found to be most effected in women who use Oral Contraceptives? (3)
A
- Low levels of Vitamin B6
- Low levels of Vitamin B12
- High levels of Copper
4
Q
A body mass index (BMI) greater than_____ is typically needed to sustain normal reproductive function in women.
A
20
5
Q
The recommended daily intake of folate for ALL women who may become pregnant is?
A
400 mcg
6
Q
_____ during the first 2 months of pregnancy is teratogenic and leads to a two- to three-fold risk of congenital abnormalities.
A
A high blood glucose level
7
Q
The change in lipid blood levels that occurs during pregnancy can best be explained in this way: _____.
A
cholesterol and triglyceride levels increase dramatically from pre-pregnancy levels
8
Q
The recommended daily protein (g) intake for pregnant women is _____.
A
71 grams
9
Q
Research is emerging that suggests pregnant women should increase their food sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Which of the following foods would provide the most DHA to pregnant women?
- ¼ cup granola containing 1 tsp sunflower seed
- 1 cup broccoli
- 8-oz glass whole milk
- ½ tuna salad sandwich
A
- ½ tuna salad sandwich
10
Q
It is recommended that OVERWEIGHT women gain approximately _____ during pregnancy.
A
15 - 25 pounds
11
Q
The recommended weight gain range for
NORMAL-WEIGHT women is:
A
25 - 35 pounds
12
Q
Women with which of the following characteristics are at increased risk of developing preeclampsia?
A
- Obesity
- Insulin resistance
- First pregnancy
- High triglyceride levels
13
Q
It is recommended that women with gestational diabetes aim for a range of _____ % fat calories during pregnancy.
A
30 - 40
14
Q
Which of the following is a maternal benefit of breastfeeding?
A
- Minimizes postpartum blood loss
- Helps uterus return to nonpregnant size
- Delays return to fertility
- MAY help lose weight more quickly
15
Q
On the second feeding after birth, a first-time mom was concerned that her infant was not getting enough milk. What would the lactation consultant want the new mom to know?
A
- The first milk is highly concentrated in nutrients and provides a high amount of protein.
AND - The infant needs only ½ - 2 tsp at each feeding for the first two days.
16
Q
What fat-soluble vitamin is given to all infants at birth?
A
Vitamin K
17
Q
What is a possible reason that breastfeeding may prevent allergies?
A
- Influence on gut microbial flora
- Transfers maternal proteins and immunity
- Transfer of maternal fatty acids and IGA in breast milk
- Low content of allergens
18
Q
A breastfeeding mother asks you if alcohol can be eliminated from her breast milk by pumping immediatedly after drinking a few glasses of wine. What would you tell her?
A
No, the alcohol will still be in the breast milk and will clear from the milk as soon as it clears from the blood stream: roughly 2 to 3 hours per drink for a 120-pound woman.
19
Q
Hyperemesis gravidarum (morning sickness) may be prevented and/or treated by: (3)
A
B-6
Ginger
Peppermint
20
Q
A pregnant woman who is vegan need to take supplemental (3) during pregnancy.
A
Vitamin D, Iron, B12
21
Q
Prenatal vitamins are routinely recommended at least _________ months prior to pregnancy to ensure adequate folate status.
A
3
22
Q
The amniotic fluid and breast milk are influenced by internal and external environments such as diet, exposure to cigarette smoke and pleasant scents. If there is a particular flavor or aroma a parent wants their child to learn how many times during the 2nd and 3rd trimester should exposure occur?
A
12
23
Q
When breastfeeding is not an option the alternatives available are
A
Donor Milk
Standard Formula
Hydrolyzed Formula
Soy Formula
24
Q
The following foods should be avoided during pregnancy EXCEPT:
- Raw nuts and seeds
- Raw or undercooked food such as fish, eggs, meat
- Unpasteurized juices and dairy products
- Raw sprouts
- Fish high in mercury
A
- Raw nuts and seeds
25
Dietary recommendations for a woman with PCOS that is trying to conceive should include
High fiber
| Lean protein
26
A body mass index (BMI) in the 90th percentile would indicate that a 3 year old was:
overweight
27
One rule of thumb regarding portion sizes for toddlers is:
1 tablespoon of food per year of age.
28
Studies have shown that restricting a young child access to palatable ("junk") food may:
1. promote desirability of that particular food.
and
3. encourage them to overeat these foods and have negative feelings.
29
Approximately how many exposures to a new food might it take for a toddler to accept the flavor or taste?
8-10
30
Common, or likely, nutrition problems among young children include all of the following (4)
1. iron-deficiency anemia
2. dental caries
3. constipation
4. lead poisoning
31
A mother is interested how to prevent iron-deficiency anemia in her 2 year old son. What advice would you give her?
a. Counsel her about making sure his diet includes red meats, fortified cereals, and fruit juices with vitamin C
c. Advise her to not give more than 24 oz milk/day
32
Overweight and obesity are common in Down syndrome children because they have lower caloric needs due to: (3)
a. low muscle mass
b. lower mobility
c. short stature
33
Signs that indicate feeding problems in toddlers include: (4)
1. low interest in eating
2. long mealtimes (>30 minutes)
3. preferring liquids over solids
4. refusing foods
34
Healthy toddlers are likely to develop diarrhea from _____.
drinking too much fruit juice
35
Celiac sprue is a disease that usually develops by _____ years of age.
2
36
Dietary management of celiac disease requires the elimination of:
wheat, rye, oats, and barley
37
Breathing problems in children:
a. increase nutritional needs.
| c. slow growth rate.
38
Typical food allergies include (4)
1. eggs
2. soy
4. peanuts
5. wheat
39
The AVERAGE caloric need of infants in the first six months of life is _____ per kg of body weight, based on growth in breast-fed infants.
108 calories
40
The two essential fatty acids required in an infants diet are ______ acid and _____ acid.
linolenic and linoleic
41
If an infant is exclusively breastfed and not exposed to adequate amounts of sunlight, he/she would need a _____ supplement.
Vitamin D
42
Which of the following is a warning sign indicating growth problems? (4)
1. Plateau in head circumference gain for more than one month
2. Lack of height gain
3. Plateau in weight gain for more than one month
4. Drop in weight without regain within a few weeks
43
Infants need a higher fat diet compared to older people, therefore, up to _________________ of calories from fat may be recommended.
55%
44
one of the signs associated with inadequate growth is weight remaining stable over ___ months
3
45
What is the most appropriate nutritional intervention for a special needs infant who has gastroesophageal reflux and swallowing difficulty?
Mix baby rice cereal with standard formula or breastmilk
46
Solid food introduction should begin
When the child is showing signs of food readiness
47
Preschool children have a ________ appetite compared to infants
2. Decreased
48
If an infant gets constipated following food introduction, what food would you recommend?
1. Increasing P Foods such as pears, peas, peaches, prunes, plums
2. Increasing water intake
49
Honey can increase risk of infant botulism and should not be introduced prior to what age?
12 months
50
Which of the following strategies would be appropriate for parents to use in teaching young children about health eating behaviors?
4. Serve family meals and allow the child to self-serve portions
51
The best treatment for an adolescent pregnant woman with an eating disorder is to _____.
refer her to an eating disorder clinic that uses a team approach to solve nutritional issues
52
The struggle for independence that characterizes adolescent psychosocial development may lead to the development of health-compromising eating behaviors, including:
1. excessive dieting
2. meal skipping
3. use of unconventional nutritional supplements
4. the adoption of fad diets
53
Protein requirements for males are highest at _____ years.
15 - 18
54
The protein requirement is greatest for females when the height growth spurt occurs. What age range would this be?
11 - 14 years
55
The best reason for wanting young adolescents to consume foods that provide adequate calcium is _____.
young adolescents retain four times as much calcium than adults and build bone mass
56
A range of medical complications accompanies overweight among adolescents, including
1. hypertension
3. dyslipidemia
4. sleep apnea
5. insulin resistance
57
Carbohydrate loading for athletes is the process of:
eating low-carbohydrate foods for the first 3 days of the week, while continuing to exercise, and then consuming a high-carbohydrate diet the 3 days prior to competition while exercising minimally.
58
Calcium supplements may decrease the absorption of iron, therefore, they should be avoided within _____ hour(s) of taking the iron supplement.
1 hour
59
Potential effects of substance use on nutritional status include all of the following (4)
1. reduced nutrient intake
2. appetite suppression
3. iron-deficiency anemia
4. increased nutrient destruction
60
Risk factors for hypertension among adolescents include all of the following (4)
1. a high dietary intake of sodium
2. an inactive lifestyle
3. smoking
4. hyperlipidemia
61
Binge-eating disorder differs from bulimia nervosa in that binge eating:
3. does not involve compensatory behaviors
62
Key goals of nutritional care for someone in treatment for an eating disorder would include:
1. establishing a regular pattern of nutritionally balanced meals
2. gradually introducing forbidden foods into the diet
3. avoiding dieting behaviors and excessive exercise
4. thoroughly assessing dietary intake and adequacy
63
A pregnant teen that is deficient in iron early in pregnancy is at higher risk of:
b, having a low-birth weight baby.
| c. having a preterm delivery.
64
Females experience a _____ increase in body fat during puberty.
120%
65
During peak weight gain, adolescent males gain an average of _____ lb/year.
20
66
Protein needs for children with special health care needs are variable, depending on the chronic health care condition. An example of a condition(s) that has a HIGHER protein needs is/are:
a. wound healing
| b. cystic fibrosis
67
The most significant predictor of childhood obesity has been found to be:
3. maternal obesity
68
Children with chronic conditions may have more difficulty meeting the DRI for vitamins and minerals as a result of: (4)
1. feeding difficulties
2. prescribed medications and their side effects
3. dietary restrictions
4. refusing foods
69
Children with _____ and _______ would always be interpreted as overweight on standard growth charts because they have altered muscle size and/or short statures.
Down syndrome and spina bifida
70
Fat-soluble vitamin supplements are recommended for children with _____ due to poor intestinal absorption of these nutrients.
cystic fibrosis
71
Which of the following WOULD be allowed on a diet for PKU?
1. Low-protein corn bread
2. Low-carbohydrate corn bread
3. Low-fat cornbread
4. Egg white omelets
5. Chicken and fish, but not beef
1. Low-protein corn bread
72
Nutritional concerns in ADHD include (3)
a. medication side effects that decrease appetite
b. maintaining growth while still being medicated
c. mealtime behavior.
73
What is the importance of taking pancreatic enzymes when a child has cystic fibrosis?
1. These are the enzymes that help digest foods and when they are missing, food is malabsorbed
74
_____ has been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of seizures in children.
2. A low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet
75
Which of the following food sources would be highest in heme iron?
spinach
molasses
beef
dried prunes
beef
76
The decline in estrogen production in women after menopause leads to all of the following (3)
1. accelerated loss of bone mass
3. an increase in abdominal fat
4. greater risk of cardiovascular disease
77
To lose one pound per week, a person would need to eat _____ fewer Calories per day.
500
78
A simple calculation used to give you a “ballpark” Calorie level for weight maintenance is to multiply your body weight by the number _____
15
79
The average daily dietary fiber recommendations are _____ for males and females age 31-50, respectively.
38 grams for males and 25 grams for females
80
At perimenopause many women need to take _____ and ____ (nutrients) to prevent bone loss.
calcium and vitamin D
81
A high-intensity dietary approach for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease called Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes includes all the following recommendations
1. _____ of total calories from carbohydrates.
2. trans fat intake of less than __ of calories.
3. less than ___ of total calories from saturated fat.
4. up to ___ of calories from monounsaturated fats.
1. 50-60% of total calories from carbohydrates.
2. trans fat intake of less than 1% of calories.
3. less than 7% of total calories from saturated fat.
4. up to 20% of calories from monounsaturated fats.
82
Having a BMI _____ means a person is obese.
>30
83
Overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of which of the following conditions? (4)
1. Sleep apnea
2. Gallbladder disease
3. Type 2 diabetes
4. Osteoarthritis
84
Metabolic syndrome is related to a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that include: (4)
```
ALL:
elevated fasting blood glucose levels
abdominal obesity
high LDL levels
low levels of HDL cholesterol
```
85
Of all the physiologic changes that occur with aging, the biggest effect on nutritional status is due to shifts in the _____.
musculoskeletal system
86
According to national intake data, older adults are not eating enough ____ nutrients (7)
```
ALL:
potassium
vitamins A, D, E, and K
magnesium
calcium
```
87
It is difficult to meet vitamin and mineral needs at Calorie levels below ____
1600
88
It is common for the elderly to have suboptimal vitamin D status or develop vitamin D deficiency due to all of the following (3)
1. inadequate exposure to sunlight and increased use of sunscreen
2. decreased intake of vitamin D-containing foods
3. use of medications that may interfere with metabolism of Vitamin D
89
Having a deficiency of which vitamin has been implicated in increased blood levels of homocysteine in the elderly, therefore increasing heart disease?
Folate
90
Recommendations for the macronutrients for the elderly are:
4. 45-65% of energy from carbohydrate, 20-35% of energy from fat, and 10-35% of energy from protein.
91
The two leading causes of death among the elderly are :
heart disease and cancer
92
How is nutritional status affected when an older adult has a stroke?
a. The ability to swallow may be forgotten
b. The ability to chew may be altered
c. Teaching may need to be done on how to feed oneself
93
What would the blood pressure of an elderly woman diagnosed with hypertension be?
4. 140 mmHg/90 mmHg
94
The following are nutritional risk factors for what disease?
1. Inadequate calcium intake
2. Heavy alcohol consumption
3. Low body weight
osteoporosis
95
The Adequate Intake (AI) of calcium for women 51 and older is:
2. 1200 mg/day
96
Nutrition advice for people that are taking blood-thinning medication due to a stroke is to:
1. maintain a stable vitamin K intake
97
Which of the following behaviors exacerbates GERD? (3)
a. Drinking alcohol in excess
b. Drinking regular or decaffeinated coffee
d. Smoking
98
A deficiency in vitamin B12 may lead to ____ and ____
irreversible neurological damage and cognitive impairment
99
The FIRST remedy advised for an overweight patient with osteoarthritis is:
lose weight
100
Which of the following foods is unsafe for infant feeding? (3)
Popcorn
Peanuts
Raisins
101
Define medium-chain fatty acids.
they have an aliphatic tail of 6 -
102
By definition pre-term infants a born before ___ weeks of gestation.
37 weeks
103
Which of the following herbal teas are considered safe during lactation? (3)
1. Peppermint
2. Raspberry
3. Rose hips
104
young adolescents retain ____ times as much calcium than adults
4x
105
Low levels of what mineral have been linked to colon cancer, overweight, and hypertension.
calcium
106
High intake of calcium interferes with ___ and ___ absorption.
zinc and iron
107
High intake of calcium may result in elevated urinary excretion of _______.
calcium
