560E Additional Info (+) Flashcards
Waist circumference for a male that is greater than ____ is considered indicative of an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and CVD.
40 inches
Waist circumference for a female that is greater than ____ is considered indicative of an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and CVD.
35 inches
A waist/hip ratio of less than ____ is ideal.
1
BIA is based on difference in electrolyte content between ____ and ______ tissues.
fat / fat-free
The following are ways to assess which disorder? Hills/valley in hands Chair Test DEXA BIA Grip test Creatine excretion
Sarcopenia
Visceral fat is ____________.
pro-inflammatory
__________ is associated with dysmetabolism and vascular conditions.
Inflammation
CVD event predictors (2)
Waist circumference
W/H ratio
Dark red urine is likely due to bleeding in the ______.
kidneys
Bright red urine is likely from bleeding due to ______.
UTI
Dark yellow urine is usually seen in _________.
increased levels of urobilinogen or bilirubin
Rhubarb can turn urine _______, while beets can turn it _______.
brown, red
Sweet smell of urine indicates _________.
ketoacidosis
Foul odor of urine indicates _________.
UTI
In terms of pH, diets high in fruits and vegetables produce urine that is ____________.
alkaline
Meats produce urine that is more ____________.
acidic
________ is a sensitive indicator of kidney functioning.
Protein
Specific gravity is used to evaluate _________ power of kidneys.
excretory
Elevated _________ indicates obstruction of the bile duct by gallstones.
bilirubin
_____________ is bile transformed in the bowel by bacteria, some of which is excreted by the kidneys.
Urobilinogen
Do crystals indicate likely stone formation?
Yes
Cellular (from degenerated cells) and Hyaline (from protein) are types of __________.
urinary casts
BUN is an indirect measure of ______ and ______.
renal function and GFR
Which peptide connects the alpha and beta chains of proinsulin?
C-peptide
__________ accurately reflects islet cell function and correlates with insulin levels (except in obese patients and insulinomas).
C-peptide
Assessing Insulin Resistance and monitoring diabetes can be done with the following tests (6):
A1c > 6.5 Fasting blood glucose Glucose tolerance (OGTT) HDL < 35 TG > 250 CRP > 3
HDL should be _____ for males and _____ for females.
> 45 (males) and > 55 (females)
TGs should be _____ for men and ______ for women
< 160 (males) and < 135 (females)
3 out of these 5 criteria need to be met for MetSyndrome diagnosis:
Elevated WC (> 35 females, > 40 for males) Elevated TGs (> 150) Low HDL (< 40 males, < 50 females) High BP (> 130/85) High fasting blood sugar (>100)
Endothelial dysfunction is a combination of ________ and __________.
inflammation and oxidative stress
Total protein is measured as ______ and ______.
albumin and globulin
Lipids are classified by _________.
density
LDL particle size is the _______ important lipoprotein predictor of CV events.
MOST
Ferritin is most sensitive to determine _______.
IDA
Ferritin should be used in conjunction with TIBC and other markers because it can be elevated due to
__________ and _________.
infection/inflammation and liver disease.
What is a measurement of all proteins available for binding iron?
TIBC
Which iron-binding protein exists in the largest quantity?
Transferrin
________ is better for diagnosing iron overload than deficiency.
Serum iron
PTH regulates blood ________ levels.
calcium
Plasma zinc is bound by ________.
albumin
________ contains 10x more zinc than plasma
RBC zinc
Metallothionen regulates which mineral metabolism?
zinc and copper
Which mineral affects Delta-6-Desaturase (active in LA to GLA conversion)?
Zinc
________ is necessary for normal iron metabolism and RBC synthesis.
Copper
Zinc deficiency can exacerbate ________.
IDA (iron deficiency anemia)
WBCs could be low due to _______, and _______ issues.
iron/B12 deficiency and stress/hormonal issues
______ platelets could indicate iron deficiency
High
______ platelets could indicate b12/folate deficiency
Low
Changes in _______ output would be expected with HPA abnormalities.
Cortisol
__________ is related to HPA abnormalities.
Adrenal fatigue
Is AST specific for liver disease?
Not by itself, combined with ALT.
AST/ALT ratio ______ can indicate liver disease.
> 1
TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) is used to measure:
lipid peroxidation products
Which would have the least effect on TBARS? B6 CoQ10 Vit C Vit E
B6
Functional tests which assess oxidative changes in lipids can assess status of ________.
Vitamin E
Angular stomatitis and cheliosis (dry, cracking, ulcerated lips) are caused by deficiencies of:
B2, B3 and B6
Atrophic lingual papillae and glossitis have these common deficiencies:
B2, B3, B9, and B12
Glossitis is caused by a lack of B2, B3, B9, B12 and…
B6
Atrophic lingual papillae is caused by a lack of B2, B3, B9, B12, _______ and _______.
protein, iron
Systolic BP of 120-139 combined with diastolic 80-99 is:
Pre-HTN
BP of 140/90 to 159/99 is:
Stage 1 HTN
BP > 160/100 is:
Stage 2 HTN
