560A Review Flashcards
Disease
A disturbance of structure or function
Symptom
Subjective manifestion, pain
Sign
Objective manifestion, swelling
Pathogenesis
Process of development of disease
Prognosis
Outcome of disease
Describe the inheritance pattern of genes
Inheritance patterns differ for genes on sex chromosomes (chromosomes X and Y) compared to genes located on autosomes, non-sex chromosomes (chromosomes numbers 1-22). This is due to the fact that, in general, females carry two X chromosomes (XX), while males carry one X and one Y chromosome (XY). Therefore, females carry two copies of each X-linked gene, but males carry only one copy each of X-linked and Y-linked genes. Females carry no copies of Y-linked genes.
Co-dominant inheritance
Both alleles of a pair fully expressed in heterozygous state. Transmission illustrated by genes responsible for synthesis of sickle (S) hemoglobin
Common chromosomal abnormalities
Failure of homologous chromosomes in germ cells to separate (nondisjunction)
Sex chromosome abnormalities
Fragile X syndrome (X-linked mental deficiency)
Autosomal Abnormalities
General causes of cell injury and its response to injury
Hypoxia, reduced blood flow (ischemia), inadequate oxygenation of the blood, decreased blood oxygen-carrying capacity.
Inflammatory response, causes of inflammation
Nonspecific response to any agent that causes cell injury
Cardinal signs of inflammation
- Heat and redness (dilated blood vessel)
- Swelling (accumulation of fluid and exudate)
- Tenderness and pain (irritation of nerve endings)
Acute vs Chronic inflammation
Acute inflammation starts rapidly and becomes severe in a short space of time. Signs and symptoms are normally only present for a few days but may persist for a few weeks in some cases.
Chronic: slow onset, can last for years, and is caused by tissue death and the thickening and scarring of connective tissue
Role of lymphocytes
Act to recognize antigens, produce antibodies, and destroy cells that could cause damage.
The complement system
part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, and attacks the pathogen’s cell membrane.
Humoral vs Cell-mediated immunity
Humoral: Production of antibodies and main defense against bacteria and bacterial toxins.
Cellular: Formation of a population of lymphocytes that attack and destroy foreign material. Main defense against viruses, fungi, parasites, and some bacteria
Antibody that combines with large complex substances; effective in combining with fungi
IgM
Principal antibody formed against the majority of infectious agents
IgG
Antibody produced by cells in respiratory and GI tracts
IgA
Antibody that is increased in allergic persons. Attaches to mast cells and basophils
IgE
4 stages of wound healing:
Hem In Pro Mat
- Hemostasis
- Inflammatory
- Proliferative
- Maturation
Complications of healing
Infections, osteomyelitis, necrosis, dermatitis, and edema
X-linked inheritance
Male is affected if carrying X chromosome-containing defective gene. Females may be a carrier but isn’t affected
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Gene expressed only in homozygous individualb.Both parents must carry abnormal gene to transmit: 1:4 chance infant is homozygous for defective gene
example: Phenylketonuria
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Gene expressed in heterozygous stateb.If either parent carries abnormal dominant gene: 1:2 chance offspring will receive abnormal gene
Benign vs malignant tumor
Begin: Slow growth rate and remains localized
Malignant: rapid growth rate and Metastasis by bloodstream or lymphatics
What is true of Leukemia?
- neoplasm of blood-forming tissues
- Usually does not form solid tumors
- Proliferates diffusely within bone marrow
- Overgrows and crowd outs normal blood-forming cells
- Neoplastic cells spill over in the bloodstream
- Large number of abnormal cells circulate in peripheral blood
- ALL
7
Valvular Heart Disease
A.Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseasea.Complication of group A beta-streptococcal infection (streptococcal sore throat and scarlet fever)
b.Form anti-streptococcal antibodies against strep antigens that cross react with similar antigens in tissues; antigen-antibody reaction causes fever and injures connective tissuesc.Fever and inflammation of connective tissue throughout body, especially heart and jointsd.Acute arthritis involving multiple joints and inflammation of heart
Congenital heart disease cause
Faulty pump construction
How blood coagulates
Phase I: prothrombin activator generateda.Intrinsic system: components derived from bloodb.Extrinsic system: tissue injury yields tissue thromboplastin1)Both pathways activated at same time2)Both pathways interact to initiate the blood clotting process
Phase II: conversion of prothrombin into thrombina.After thromboplastin interacts with other substances to form prothrombin activator
Phase III: conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin by thrombina.Thrombin splits off a part of the fibrinogen, forms smaller molecules, fibrin monomers
Coagulation disorders:
Hemophilia A: Classic Hemophilia = Factor VIII (anti-hemophilic factor) most common
Hemophilia B: Christmas disease (after affected patient) = Factor IX (Christmas factor)
von Willebrand’s disease: Large protein molecule produced by endothelial cells required for platelets to adhere to vessel wall at site of injury
Thrombosis
Blood clots in leg veins
Embolism
Blocks major artery or branch
What is the difference between systemic and essential hypertension?
Systemic: high blood pressure in the systemic arteries - the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body’s tissues
Essential: Primary hypertension with no known cause.
Secondary hypertension is?
Results from a known disease or condition
Vein diseases include which:
- venous thrombosis
- inflammation of veins
- excessive dilation of veins
- all
ALL
Arteriosclerosis definition
Plague accumulates around heart
Thrombophebitis is inflammation of the________ associated with thrombosis
vein
Whats one cause of congestive heart failure?
Insufficent blood flow to the heart
Cause of myocarditis?
Parasites, hypersensitivity, or other pathogens
Rheumatic heart disease is described as
Complication of group A beta-streptococcal infection (streptococcal sore throat and scarlet fever)
b. Form anti-streptococcal antibodies against strep antigens that cross react with similar antigens in tissues; antigen-antibody reaction causes fever and injures connective tissuesc.
c. Fever and inflammation of connective tissue throughout body, especially heart and joints
d. Acute arthritis involving multiple joints and inflammation of heart
Ischemic heart disease is described as
Reduced blood flow to the heart caused by narrowing of the arteries.
Signs and symptoms of pneumonia:
Feeling ill, elevated temperature, increased white blood cell count, cough, purulent sputum, pain on respiration if involves pleura, shortness of breath
Signs and symptoms of asthma
SOB and wheezing
Types of COPD
Inflammation of the bronchioles
dilution of air spaces
loss of lung elasticity
Peptic ulcer increased acid secretions and digestive enzymes erode gastric mucosa. What pathogen is involved?
H. pylori
Diff between Chron’s disease and ulcerative colitis?
Crohn’s disease: Inflammation primarily of distal ileum. Seen as: Ulceration of mucosa or marked thickening and scarring of bowel wall.
Ulcerative colitis: Recurrent chronic inflammation of colon and rectum
What are 4 causes of liver disease?
drugs
chemicals
alcohol
toxins
What are the 5 types of hepatitis
A,B,C,D,E
What causes pancreatitis?
Escape of pancreatic juices into the ducts which leads to destruction of acinar and islet tissues.
Hepatitis A is what kind of virus and is transmitted thorough what?
RNA
Contaiminated food and water and feces
Hepatitis B is what kind of virus and is transmitted through what?
DNA
Blood and body fluids
What are 3 factors that contribute to kidney stones?
- Increased concentration of salts in urine
- Infections of urinary tract.
- Urinary tract obstruction
What is the difference between glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis?
Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of glomeruli caused by antigen-antibody reaction within glomeruli. Occurs in diabetes
Pyelonephritis: Infection of the upper urinary tract (UTIs)
Dehydration is caused by what 2 factors?
Excess water loss
Inadequate intake in comatose or debilitated patients
Overhydration is produced through 3 factors
- Excessive fluids intravenously or orally
- Drinking excess water may also dilute body fluids and lead to hyponatremia even in subjects with normal renal function
- Infants fed water or infant formula diluted with excess water are also at risk of hyponatremia
What is ADH’s role in dehydration?
lowers osmolarity (reducing sodium concentration) by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus helping to dilute bodily fluids.
Difference between respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis is failure or the lungs, increase in PCO2. pH shifts to acid side.
Respiratory alkolisis lowers PCO2, excess of bicarbonate which rises the pH
Difference between metabolic acidosis and alkalosis?
Metabolic alkalosis has an increase in bicarbonate which shifts the pH to alkaline. Loss of gastric juices, chloride depletion, access ACH
Metabolic acidosis: acids exceeds buffering capacity. Renal failure, ketosis, lactic acidosis.
What causes goiter?
Depleted iodine, defiency of thyroid hormone, and increased hormone requirement
What is the difference between Cushings syndrome and Addisons
Cushing: Excess production of adrenal corticosteroids
Addisons: deficency of steroid hormones
What is acromegaly?
excessive secretion of growth hormone
What is endometriosis?
Presence of endometrial tissue in abnormal location
What is cervical carcinoma?
Abnormal growth of cervical squamous epithelium
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia
irregular uterine bleeding
Cerebreal aneurysms results from
defect in the muscular tissue of the vessel wall
What is the cause of CVA (stroke) ?
Disturbance of blood supply to the brain that results in thrombosis, embolism, or hemorrhage
What is the cause of TIA?
Bits of thrombus that break loose from an ulcerated plague and obstructs an artery.
Difference between wet and dry stroke?
Wet stroke results from embolism or thrombus.
Dry stroke results from hemorrhaging
Alzhimer’s disease is characterized by progressive failure of
recent memory
Multiple sclerosis is characterized by degeneration of the
myelin sheaths of nerve fibers in brain and spinal cord
Difference between AD and MS
AD affects elderly and MS affects younger generation
Parkinsons disease affects
voluntary muscle, tumor in fingers, and extremities
Who does cerebral palsy affect
Newborns, infancy, or preschool
Nociception is the sensory nervous system’s response to
certain harmful or potentially harmful stimuli.
Referred pain is pain
other than actual source
Phantom pain is pain
from a body part no longer there
Difference between acute and chronic pain
Acute pain is sudden onset whereas chronic persist for weeks
What are the 4 types of hemoatovmias of the skull and what are the differences
epidural hematoma: collection of blood outside blood vessel
subdural hematoma: collection of blood on surface of brain
subarachnoid hemorrhage: bleeding in-between the brain and tissues
intracerebral hemorrhage: bleeding inside brain
Hyperventilation can lead to respiratory alkalosis by :
A decrease in PCO2 and an increase in bicarbonate
T/F In respiratory acidosis, the kidneys form additional bicarbonate to restore the pH to the physiologic range.
TRUE
Metabolic alkalosis caused by excess corticosteroids is frequently accompanied by:
A potassium depletion
An existing potassium deficiency must be addressed to successfully manage a metabolic alkalosis.
TRUE
In cervical dysplasia or carcinoma, localizing and determining the extent of abnormalities in the cervical epithelium requires which procedure?
Colposcopy
