560A Review Flashcards
Disease
A disturbance of structure or function
Symptom
Subjective manifestion, pain
Sign
Objective manifestion, swelling
Pathogenesis
Process of development of disease
Prognosis
Outcome of disease
Describe the inheritance pattern of genes
Inheritance patterns differ for genes on sex chromosomes (chromosomes X and Y) compared to genes located on autosomes, non-sex chromosomes (chromosomes numbers 1-22). This is due to the fact that, in general, females carry two X chromosomes (XX), while males carry one X and one Y chromosome (XY). Therefore, females carry two copies of each X-linked gene, but males carry only one copy each of X-linked and Y-linked genes. Females carry no copies of Y-linked genes.
Co-dominant inheritance
Both alleles of a pair fully expressed in heterozygous state. Transmission illustrated by genes responsible for synthesis of sickle (S) hemoglobin
Common chromosomal abnormalities
Failure of homologous chromosomes in germ cells to separate (nondisjunction)
Sex chromosome abnormalities
Fragile X syndrome (X-linked mental deficiency)
Autosomal Abnormalities
General causes of cell injury and its response to injury
Hypoxia, reduced blood flow (ischemia), inadequate oxygenation of the blood, decreased blood oxygen-carrying capacity.
Inflammatory response, causes of inflammation
Nonspecific response to any agent that causes cell injury
Cardinal signs of inflammation
- Heat and redness (dilated blood vessel)
- Swelling (accumulation of fluid and exudate)
- Tenderness and pain (irritation of nerve endings)
Acute vs Chronic inflammation
Acute inflammation starts rapidly and becomes severe in a short space of time. Signs and symptoms are normally only present for a few days but may persist for a few weeks in some cases.
Chronic: slow onset, can last for years, and is caused by tissue death and the thickening and scarring of connective tissue
Role of lymphocytes
Act to recognize antigens, produce antibodies, and destroy cells that could cause damage.
The complement system
part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, and attacks the pathogen’s cell membrane.
Humoral vs Cell-mediated immunity
Humoral: Production of antibodies and main defense against bacteria and bacterial toxins.
Cellular: Formation of a population of lymphocytes that attack and destroy foreign material. Main defense against viruses, fungi, parasites, and some bacteria
Antibody that combines with large complex substances; effective in combining with fungi
IgM
Principal antibody formed against the majority of infectious agents
IgG
Antibody produced by cells in respiratory and GI tracts
IgA
Antibody that is increased in allergic persons. Attaches to mast cells and basophils
IgE
4 stages of wound healing:
Hem In Pro Mat
- Hemostasis
- Inflammatory
- Proliferative
- Maturation
Complications of healing
Infections, osteomyelitis, necrosis, dermatitis, and edema
X-linked inheritance
Male is affected if carrying X chromosome-containing defective gene. Females may be a carrier but isn’t affected
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Gene expressed only in homozygous individualb.Both parents must carry abnormal gene to transmit: 1:4 chance infant is homozygous for defective gene
example: Phenylketonuria
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Gene expressed in heterozygous stateb.If either parent carries abnormal dominant gene: 1:2 chance offspring will receive abnormal gene