560 C Class Quizzes Flashcards by Monica Salvatierra

The term “vitamers” refers to:
A. all of the vitamins that begin with the same letter
B. vitamins that are not amines
C. minerals that may behave like vitamins
D. closely-related compounds that have similar vitamin activity

D. closely-related compounds that have similar vitamin activity

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When water-soluble vitamins are consumed in excess of body needs, generally the excess is:
A. stored in liver, bone, and adipose tissue.
B. not absorbed.
C. excreted in the feces.
D. excreted in the urine.

D. excreted in the urine.

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A major function of B vitamins is to serve as:
A. electrolytes. 
B. a source of energy. 
C. a part of a coenzyme. 
D. antibodies.

C. a part of a coenzyme.

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Match the Dietary Reference Intake item with it’s appropriate definition
RDA
EAR
UL

RDA - Meets requirements of 97% healthy people in specified age or gender group
EAR - thought to meet the needs of 50% of people in specified age or gender group
UL- highest level unlikely to cause adverse effects in almost all people

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Food sources of B-vitamins that are in coenzyme forms, are phosphorylated, or are bound to proteins require digestion in order to release the free vitamin for absorption from the intestine.
A. True
B. False

A. True

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Match the vitamin with the correct enzyme or coenzyme function.

Pantothenic acid
Thiamin
Niacin
Riboflavin

Pantothenate - Acyl carrier protein
Thiamin - TDP
Niacin - NADP/NADPH
Riboflavin - FMN/FMNH2

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A thiamin deficiency disorder usually associated with alcoholism is known as:
A. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome 
B. Maple Syrup Urine Disease 
C. Cirrhosis of the liver 
D. Beriberi

A. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

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The essential roles of thiamin in the body include (Indicate all of the correct answers):
A. Synthesis of pentoses and NADPH 
B. Synthesis of coenzyme A 
C. Energy transformation 
D. Membrane and nerve conduction

A. Synthesis of pentoses and NADPH
C. Energy transformation
D. Membrane and nerve conduction

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Which of the following is the best source of riboflavin?
A. Sunflower seeds 
B. Meat 
C. Milk and milk products 
D. Fruits/vegetables

C. Milk and milk products

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Which of the following is not a role of flavoproteins in intermediary metabolism?
  A. Synthesis of pentoses and NADPH 
  B. Production of a folate coenzyme 
  C. Glutathione reduction 
  D. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

A. Synthesis of pentoses and NADPH

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Which of the following is not a role of NADPH?
A. Cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis
B. Production of a folate coenzyme
C. Synthesis of precursors of DNA
D. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

D. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

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Which of the following amino acids is a precursor to niacin?
  A. Tryptophan 
  B. Phenylalanine 
  C. Leucine 
  D. Valine

A. Tryptophan

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Side effects arising from using niacin in therapeutic amounts may include all of the following effects except one. Which one?
  A. Elevated plasma glucose 
  B. Liver injury 
  C. Heartburn 
  D. Increased uric acid levels 
  E. Headaches 
  F. Increased blood pressure

F. Increased blood pressure

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Large doses of vitamin B3 as nicotinamide (niacinamide) do not possess the hypocholesterolemic effects of nicotinic acid (niacin), but also do not appear to have as high a potential for toxicity.
A. True
B. False

A. True

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Synthesis of coenzyme A starts with the phosphorylation of which vitamin?
  A. thiamin 
  B. nicotinamide 
  C. pantothenic acid 
  D. biotin 
  E. riboflavin

C. pantothenic acid

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The activity of erythrocyte glutathione reductase is useful for assessing the adequacy of which vitamin?
  Thiamin 
  Niacin 
  Pantothenic acid 
  Riboflavin

Riboflavin

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The activity of erythrocyte transketolase is useful for assessing the adequacy of which vitamin?
  Thiamin 
  Niacin 
  Pantothenic acid 
  Riboflavin

Thiamin

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Which vitamin uses the AI recommendation for adult recommendation because there is insufficient available data to establish an RDA? 
  Thiamin 
  Riboflavin 
  Niacin 
  Pantothenate

Pantothenate

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Excretion of fluorescent orange yellow urine follows oral ingestion of which vitamin?
  Pantothenic acid 
  Thiamin 
  Niacin 
  Riboflavin

Riboflavin

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Which of the following, if any, is not involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
  Niacin 
  Riboflavin 
  Pantothenic acid 
  Thiamin 
  All of these are involved

All of these are involved

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Which of the following B vitamins has a Tolerable Upper Intake Level set due to concerns about side effects?
  Riboflavin 
  Pantothenic acid 
  Niacin 
  Thiamin

Niacin

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Absorption of which vitamin is facilitated by the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT)?
  Thiamin 
  Pantothenic acid 
  Niacin 
  Riboflavin

Pantothenic acid

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Which of the following vitamins has the highest daily requirement in terms of RDA or AI?
  Pantothenic acid 
  Niacin 
  Thiamin 
  Riboflavin

Niacin

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Which of the following statements is true?

Reactive species can be formed during normal physiological processes.
All reactive species in human biology are reactive oxygen species.
Antioxidant supplements have been proven superior to dietary antioxidants for reducing the risk of many diseases.
Glutathione is a more effective antioxidant when it is in an oxidized state, whereas reduced glutathione is not very useful as an antioxidant.

Reactive species can be formed during normal physiological processes.

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Which antioxidant is most effective in rapidly eliminating hydroxyl radicals prior to initiation of oxidative damage? vitamin C beta-carotene vitamin E vitamin K

vitamin C

Which antioxidant is most effective in terminating chain-propagation reactions in cell membranes? vitamin E vitamin C beta-carotene vitamin K

vitamin E

Which two of the following are reactive oxygen species, but do not fit the definition of a free radical? (Indicate both of the correct answers) ``` Superoxide anion Peroxyl radical Singlet oxygen Hydroxyl radical Hydrogen or lipid peroxide ```

Singlet oxygen Hydrogen or lipid peroxide

``` Respiratory burst refers to the use of which reactive oxygen species by white blood cells to destroy foreign microbes? Hydroxyl radical Peroxyl radical Superoxide Peroxynitrite ```

Superoxide

``` Which of the following is not a source of hydrogen peroxide production in the human body? Tissue ischemia after injury Elimination of superoxide radicals Peroxisome activity Glutathione peroxidase activation ```

Glutathione peroxidase activation

``` The Fenton reaction involves the production of hydroxyl radical by the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with _______________. copper iron singlet oxygen superoxide ```

iron

Which reactive species is considered a major initiator of lipid peroxidation in the body? Hydroxyl radical Singlet oxygen Hydrogen peroxide Superoxide

Hydroxyl radical

Which three of the following minerals are necessary to the optimal performance of superoxide dismutase in human tissues? ``` Selenium Zinc Copper Manganese Iron ```

Zinc Copper Manganese

The reactive species scavenging function of vitamin C is limited to reducing radical species, it does not scavenge or quench any non-radical species. True False

False

``` Which one of the following minerals is essential to the function of glutathione peroxidase? Zinc Iron Manganese Copper Selenium ```

Selenium

``` What is the role of glutathione in the reaction between glutathione peroxidase and various peroxide species? Hydrogen acceptor Hydrogen donor Electron acceptor Component of enzyme protein sequence ```

Hydrogen donor

``` Which reactive species is referred to as an "electronically excited" molecule, and is inactivated by a process called "quenching"? Peroxyl radical Singlet oxygen Lipid peroxide Superoxide ```

Singlet oxygen

``` Which B-vitamin functions as a coenzyme to regenerate oxidized glutathione? Vitamin B6 Folic acid Thiamine Niacin ```

Niacin

Which of the following statements is true? An important distinction between the two fat-soluble antioxidants beta-carotene and vitamin E may be that beta-carotene functions more on the cell surface, while vitamin E functions more in the interior of a cell. The amount of vitamin C intake has little effect on vitamin C absorption. In general, vitamin C is more effective in lipid environments, while vitamin E is more effective in aqueous environments. Neither Ester-C nor vitamin C supplements from rose hips appears to be superior to other vitamin C sources.

Neither Ester-C nor vitamin C supplements from rose hips appears to be superior to other vitamin C sources

``` Which of the following enzymes is required for the synthesis of vitamin C and not present in human biochemistry? Aldonolactonase Gulonolactone oxidase Dehydroascorbate reductase Ascorbyl palmitase Lysyl hydroxylase ```

Gulonolactone oxidase

``` Which of the following foods is not a good source of vitamin C? Brussels sprouts Green pepper Broccoli Carrots ```

Carrots

``` Which of the following is the source of hydrogen atoms for the regeneration of ascorbic acid from dehydroascorbate? Coenzyme Q FADH Glutathione NADPH ```

Glutathione

According to Gropper, the maximal body pool of vitamin C can be maintained with a daily intake of: 100-200 mg 200-400 mg 500-1000 mg 60-100 mg

100-200 mg

``` Which reaction is typical of the kind catalyzed by vitamin C? Methylation Hydroxylation Decarboxylation Transamination ```

Hydroxylation

Vitamin C’s actual participation in biochemical reactions usually involves its antioxidant ability. Choose the description of this activity. Accepts an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor Donates an electron or electrons to oxidize a mineral cofactor Donates an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor Accepts an electron from the quinone form of vitamin E

Donates an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor

``` Which of the following is not a function of vitamin C in human biology? Collagen synthesis Norepinephrine synthesis Cholesterol synthesis Serotonin synthesis ```

Cholesterol synthesis

The necessity of ascorbic acid for its role in _____ is believed to be the reason that people with scurvy have no energy and are very tired. carnitine synthesis creatine synthesis hormone activation collagen synthesis

carnitine synthesis

The result of ascorbic acid interacting with a metalloenzyme containing iron is that the iron is in the _____ form. ferrous No answer text provided. ferric No answer text provided.

ferrous

``` The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for vitamin C was set to help reduce the risk of what side effect of vitamin C supplementation? Rebound scurvy Hemochromatosis Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Kidney stones ```

Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea

``` Which substance does not belong to the family of carotenoids? Alpha-carotene Lycopene Tocotrienol Lutein Canthaxanthin ```

Tocotrienol

Match each carotenoid with the foods that represent good sources. Carrots, cantaloupe Tomatoes, watermelon Green leafy vegetables, corn, eggs

Alpha and Beat Carotene Lycopene Lutein and Zeaxanthin

Which of the following best represents foods rich in preformed vitamin A (retinol)? Citrus fruits, sweet red pepper, broccoli Most nuts, vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables Seafood, meat, grains Cod liver oil, butter, eggs, fortified milk

Cod liver oil, butter, eggs, fortified milk

``` Which of the following is not a provitamin A carotenoid? Alpha-carotene Lycopene Beta-carotene Beta-cryptoxanthin ```

Lycopene

``` Which of the carotenoids has the greatest vitamin A activity? gamma-carotene delta-carotene beta-carotene alpha-carotene ```

beta-carotene

``` Three of the following digestive steps are required for normal absorption of vitamin A to occur in the gastrointestinal tract. Which one is not required? Micelle formation Amino acid conjugation Protein hydrolysis Ester hydrolysis ```

Amino acid conjugation

Where is the primary site for conversion of provitamin A to vitamin A in the human body? ``` Intestinal mucosal cell Adipose cell Liver Intestinal lumen Chylomicron ```

Intestinal mucosal cell

Match the substance with the most appropriate storage characteristic. Post-hepatic circulation via transthyretin Post-hepatic circulation via VLDL Primarily stored in the liver Stored in liver, adipose, and concentrated in specific tissues Retinol or Carotenoids

Retinol Carotenoids Retinol Carotenoids

Match the characteristics with the most appropriate substance. Use answers only once. Most essential for differentiation of epithelial cells Required for bone development and maintenance Effective for both free radical quenching AND inhibiting neoplastic transformation

retinol retinol beta carotene

``` What is the form of vitamin A attached to the protein opsin in a molecule of rhodopsin? 11-cis retinol 11-cis retinal all-trans retinol all-trans retinal ```

11-cis retinal

``` Vitamin A in the form of ________ supports the development of cells by influencing gene expression. retinol retinal retinoic acid retinyl ester ```

retinoic acid

Why is retinoic acid considered a hormone? It is synthesized in the same tissue that it affects. It causes the catabolism (break down) of body proteins. It has a biologic function similar to insulin. There are receptors for it on the nucleus and it causes a change in protein synthesis.

There are receptors for it on the nucleus and it causes a change in protein synthesis.

``` The function of which nutrient most likely includes protecting eye tissues from oxidative damage? Lycopene Beta-carotene Lutein/zeaxanthin Retinol ```

Lutein/zeaxanthin

``` Which mineral deficiency interferes with vitamin A metabolism? Magnesium Zinc Copper Iron ```

Zinc

``` Which of the following is not a deficiency symptom for vitamin A? Xeropthalmia Keratinization Hemolytic anemia Night blindness ```

Hemolytic anemia

Which symptom of a vitamin A deficiency is most likely responsible for deficiency-related deaths? its function as a teratogen severe infections keratinization of the cornea poor cellular differentiation and growth

severe infections

In which of the following conditions is plasma retinol NOT a good reflection of vitamin A status? Stores of vitamin A are partially depleted Stores of vitamin A are exhausted Stores of vitamin A are filled to capacity

Stores of vitamin A are partially depleted

``` For which group are large doses of beta-carotene not likely to be safe? diabetics people with low thyroid function smokers people with acute infections ```

smokers

The upper limit for a safe amount of vitamin A has been suggested to be 3000 micrograms per day. How much would this be in International Units? 1000 IU 3000 IU 10,000 IU 30,000 IU

10,000 IU

``` Which of the following is not a sign of vitamin A toxicity? Liver damage Skin irritations Headache Bone pain Elevated blood pressure ```

Elevated blood pressure

An individual with poor vitamin A status would have a _____ RDR than someone with a good vitamin A status. lesser No answer text provided. greater No answer text provided.

greater

How many vitamers of vitamin E are there? 2 vitamers, D and L 8 vitamers, including tocopherols and tocotrienols 12 vitamers, including acetate and succinate esters 4 vitamers, alpha, beta, delta, gamma

8 vitamers, including tocopherols and tocotrienols

Which two prefixes indicate a natural, not synthetic, form of vitamin E? (Choose two answers) SSS dl- d- RRR

d- | RRR

Which of the following foods is the richest source of dietary alpha-tocopherol? ``` Almonds, one ounce Peanuts, one ounce Spinach, 1 cup raw Soybean oil, 1 tablespoon Sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon ```

Almonds, one ounce

What biochemical characteristic indicates that a vitamin E supplement must be digested before it can be successfully absorbed? It is the alpha-tocopherol vitamer It is the natural stereoisomer It is esterified to acetate or succinate

It is esterified to acetate or succinate

After absorption from the intestine, which lipoprotein particle transports most vitamin E from the digestive tract to the liver? LDL VLDL HDL Chylomicron

Chylomicron

Alpha-tocopherol has the greatest vitamin E activity in the human body due to a selective preference for this specific vitamer in what part of vitamin E processing? Intestinal cell chylomicron production Intestinal lumen digestive enzymes Intestinal lumen micelle formation and absorption Hepatic cell production of VLDL

Hepatic cell production of VLDL

In what type of tissue is the largest amount of vitamin E stored? heart liver adipose muscle

adipose

Vitamin E is important to cell membrane stability because it is capable of terminating free radical chain reactions that propagate damage to the phospholipid structure of membranes. True False

True

Regeneration of oxidized vitamin E requires which three cofactors? ``` Vitamin C Reduced glutathione (GSH) FADH Selenium NADPH ```

Vitamin C Reduced glutathione (GSH) NADPH

``` The latest RDA for vitamin E is expressed in milligrams of RRR-alpha-tocopherol, but most people are more familiar with the older International Units of measurement. What is the adult RDA for vitamin E in International Units if the value is 15 mg of RRR-alpha-tocopherol? About 15 IU About 28 IU About 10 IU About 22 IU ```

About 22 IU

What type of anemia is associated with vitamin E deficiency? Microcytic anemia Megaloblastic anemia Hypochromic anemia Hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic anemia

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level was set for vitamin E to prevent _____________. Increased risk of birth defects Increased tendency for bleeding Increased risk of cancer Increased tendency for gastrointestinal distress Increased risk of heart disease

Increased tendency for bleeding

Regarding food sources of selenium, which of the following statements is false? Food selenium is primarily in the inorganic form Soil crops have extremely variable selenium content Brazil nuts are the richest known source of selenium Seafood selenium may be less available due to interactions with mercury

Food selenium is primarily in the inorganic form

Which form of a) organic and b) inorganic selenium is best absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract? a) selenomethionine, b) selenate a) selenocysteine, b) selenate a) selenocysteine, b) selenite a) selenomethionine, b) selenite

a) selenomethionine, b) selenate

Phytic acid (phytate) can inhibit selenium absorption. True False

True

Glutathione peroxidase contains selenium in the form of selenomethionine. True False

False

``` Which selenium-containing antioxidant is especially effective against reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite? Glutathione peroxidase Selenoprotein P Thioredoxin reductase Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase ```

Selenoprotein P

Which of the following is the selenium-containing enzyme important for repairing tissue proteins? Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase Thioredoxin reductase Selenoprotein P Glutathione peroxidase

Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase

Which selenium-containing molecule is thought to participate in the regeneration of several antioxidant systems, possibly including vitamin C? Selenophosphate synthetase Selenoprotein P Thioredoxin reductase Selenoprotein W

Thioredoxin reductase

Selenium-dependent deiodinases are only capable of activating thyroid hormone, not deactivating it. True False

False

Match the statements with the appropriate disease(s). Keshin or Kashin-Beck Associated with regional selenium deficiency in China Symptoms include cardiomyopathy Symptoms include degeneration of joints and cartilage Selenium deficiency is not likely the only causative factor

Both Keshin Kashin-Beck Both

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for selenium? 400 mcg 55 mcg 200 mcg 600 mcg

400 mcg

Which one of the following assessments is thought to reflect longer-term selenium status than the other assessments? Urinary selenium Plasma selenoprotein P Whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity Plasma selenium

Whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity

Which nutrient shows promise as therapy for hypercholesterolemia? Selenomethionine Tocotrienols Alpha-tocopherol Methyl selenide

Tocotrienols

Match the biological function with the required nutrient Transamination Carboxylation Conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA Decarboxylation

B6 Biotin B12 B6

``` Which of the following, if any, is not involved in one of the pathways of homocysteine metabolism? Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Biotin All of the above are involved ```

Biotin

Megaloblastic anemia is associated with a deficiency of which micronutrient(s)? ``` Biotin Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6, biotin, and vitamin B12 Both vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 ```

Vitamin B12

Microcytic anemia is associated with a deficiency of which micronutrient(s)? ``` Vitamin B12 Both vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6, biotin, and vitamin B12 Biotin ```

The normal digestion and absorption of cobalamin requires adequate ______ digestion in the stomach; the presence of 2 nonenzymatic proteins: ________ ; and a receptor located in the ________.

Protein R protein and intrinsic factor ileum

``` Which mineral is a component of vitamin B12? Vanadium Cobalt Iron Silicon ```

Cobalt

``` The primary site for storage of vitamin B12 in the body is ____________. bone muscle spleen heart liver ```

Liver

Which of the following is TRUE? Pernicious anemia can be treated with pharmacological doses of vitamin B12 Inadequate dietary intake, not inadequate absorption, is the most frequent cause of B12 deficiency seen in the US. Neurological symptoms are uncommon in vitamin B12 deficiency Pernicious anemia is caused by inadequate protein digestion

Pernicious anemia can be treated with pharmacological doses of vitamin B12

In the enzyme methionine synthase, vitamin B12 acts by accepting a ________ group from ________ and donating this group to ________ to form methionine.

Methyl 5-methyl THF homocysteine

Which one of the following groups does NOT have a higher risk B12 deficiency? People over 50 years of age People regularly exposed to nitrous oxide gas People with gallbladder disease People with impaired pancreatic exocrine function People using gastric acid-reducing drugs long-term People with atrophic gastritis

People with gallbladder disease

Match the vitamin to the statement about Tolerable Upper Level of Intake. Folic acid Vitamin B12 Vitamin B6

No tolerable limit No tolerable limit Set to limit neuropathy

What disease or condition results from an absence or insufficient activity of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase enzyme complex? Cataracts Maple Syrup Urine Disease Cheilosis Beriberi

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

Biotin status has been shown to decline in some women. True False

True

Absorption of which vitamin is facilitated by the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT)? Biotin Folate Vitamin B12

Biotin

Acetyl CoA carboxylase depends on which B vitamin to begin fatty acid synthesis? Vitamin B12 Folate Biotin

Biotin

What is meant by the term folate that distinguishes it from folic acid? Folate is the oxidized form of the vitamin found naturally in foods and in biological tissues Correct! Folate is the reduced form of the vitamin found naturally in foods and in biological tissues Folate is the oxidized form of the vitamin found in fortified foods and most supplements Folate is the reduced form of the vitamin found in fortified foods and most supplements

Folate is the reduced form of the vitamin found naturally in foods and in biological tissues

``` Mammals are unable to synthesize folic acid, even though they can accomplish several of the necessary steps. Which one of the following is the step that cannot be accomplished by mammals? Cannot synthesize pteridine Cannot synthesize PABA Cannot form pteroic acid Cannot synthesize glutamic acid ```

Cannot form pteroic acid

``` Folate in foods can only be absorbed in the monoglutamate form; therefore, digestive enzymes called _____ are important for folate nutriture. glutaminases peptidases lipases conjugases ```

conjugases

Which of the following best describes the general biochemical role for folate? One-carbon transfer Oxidative decarboxylation gamma-carboxylation Electron transfer

One-carbon transfer

Dietary folate equivalents (DFE) are needed to account for the variation in bioavailability among different forms of folate. Based on the DFE, which of the following forms is most available? Natural food folate Synthetic folic acid taken on an empty stomach Synthetic folic acid in a fortified food No answer text provided.

Synthetic folic acid taken on an empty stomach

Which type of anemia is associated with folate deficiency? Megaloblastic anemia Hemolytic anemia Hypochromic anemia Microcytic anemia

Megaloblastic anemia

Match the branch of nutritional genomics with the correct description. - Genetic alterations that can be compensated for by increasing or decreasing specific nutrients - Inborn changes in DNA nucleotide sequences or gene variants - The interactions among genes and bioactive components in food that change gene expression without changing the DNA nucleotide sequence

Nutrogenomincs Nutrogenetics Nutritional epigenetics

The primary mechanism by which gene expression is modified by bioactive factors in food appears to be _____. downregulation of translation mutations causing cancer production of SNPs interactions with transcription factors

interactions with transcription factors

What lifestyle change would be most important to individuals with a common variant in the GST gene that impairs protections against toxins? increasing levels of daily exercise increasing intake of omega-3 fats increasing ingestion of cruciferous vegetables eating a low-fat diet

increasing ingestion of cruciferous vegetables

Match the genotype for N5,N10 methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) with the appropriate description. MTHFR 677CC MTHFR 677CT MTHFR 677TT

Homozygous genotype exhibiting 30-35% of normal enzyme activity Heterozygous exhibiting 70% of normal activity Homozygous genotype exhibiting 100% of normal enzyme activity

Which two of the following can function as methyl donors? (Choose two answers) Folic acid 5-methyl folate Betaine Choline

5-methyl folate | Betaine

``` The vitamin D response element (VDRE) is found on the cell membrane. in the mitochondria. in the cell cytosol in the nucleus. ```

in the nucleus.

``` Which of the following risk factors is not associated with a vitamin D deficiency? Aging Antibiotic therapy Kidney disorders Crohn's disease ```

Antibiotic therapy

``` Which is not a characteristic of rickets? Thoracic deformities Deformed fingers Curved spine Bowed legs ```

Deformed fingers

``` For what type of enzyme does vitamin K act as a cofactor? decarboxylase coagulase hydroxylase carboxylase ```

carboxylase

``` Vitamin-K dependent modification of proteins such as the clotting factors affects the binding of which mineral ion by those proteins? Magnesium ions Iron (ferrous) ions Phosphate ions Calcium ions ```

Calcium ions

Match the following characteristics with the appropriate mineral Dietary sources include soft drinks Poorly absorbed from oxalate-containing foods Component of chlorophyll in green leafy vegetables Absorption at low intakes does NOT rely on a brush border transporter Digestion not required for dietary forms

``` Phosphorus Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus Magnesium ```

Calcium absorption in adults is typically less than 50%, whether from food or supplements. True False

True

``` The binding protein that facilitates many calcium-dependent physiological processes is ___________ albumin calmodulin calcitonin osteocalcin ```

calmodulin