560 C Class Quizzes Flashcards
The term “vitamers” refers to:
A. all of the vitamins that begin with the same letter
B. vitamins that are not amines
C. minerals that may behave like vitamins
D. closely-related compounds that have similar vitamin activity
D. closely-related compounds that have similar vitamin activity
When water-soluble vitamins are consumed in excess of body needs, generally the excess is:
A. stored in liver, bone, and adipose tissue.
B. not absorbed.
C. excreted in the feces.
D. excreted in the urine.
D. excreted in the urine.
A major function of B vitamins is to serve as: A. electrolytes. B. a source of energy. C. a part of a coenzyme. D. antibodies.
C. a part of a coenzyme.
Match the Dietary Reference Intake item with it’s appropriate definition
RDA
EAR
UL
RDA - Meets requirements of 97% healthy people in specified age or gender group
EAR - thought to meet the needs of 50% of people in specified age or gender group
UL- highest level unlikely to cause adverse effects in almost all people
Food sources of B-vitamins that are in coenzyme forms, are phosphorylated, or are bound to proteins require digestion in order to release the free vitamin for absorption from the intestine.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Match the vitamin with the correct enzyme or coenzyme function.
Pantothenic acid
Thiamin
Niacin
Riboflavin
Pantothenate - Acyl carrier protein
Thiamin - TDP
Niacin - NADP/NADPH
Riboflavin - FMN/FMNH2
A thiamin deficiency disorder usually associated with alcoholism is known as: A. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome B. Maple Syrup Urine Disease C. Cirrhosis of the liver D. Beriberi
A. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
The essential roles of thiamin in the body include (Indicate all of the correct answers): A. Synthesis of pentoses and NADPH B. Synthesis of coenzyme A C. Energy transformation D. Membrane and nerve conduction
A. Synthesis of pentoses and NADPH
C. Energy transformation
D. Membrane and nerve conduction
Which of the following is the best source of riboflavin? A. Sunflower seeds B. Meat C. Milk and milk products D. Fruits/vegetables
C. Milk and milk products
Which of the following is not a role of flavoproteins in intermediary metabolism? A. Synthesis of pentoses and NADPH B. Production of a folate coenzyme C. Glutathione reduction D. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
A. Synthesis of pentoses and NADPH
Which of the following is not a role of NADPH?
A. Cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis
B. Production of a folate coenzyme
C. Synthesis of precursors of DNA
D. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
D. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
Which of the following amino acids is a precursor to niacin? A. Tryptophan B. Phenylalanine C. Leucine D. Valine
A. Tryptophan
Side effects arising from using niacin in therapeutic amounts may include all of the following effects except one. Which one? A. Elevated plasma glucose B. Liver injury C. Heartburn D. Increased uric acid levels E. Headaches F. Increased blood pressure
F. Increased blood pressure
Large doses of vitamin B3 as nicotinamide (niacinamide) do not possess the hypocholesterolemic effects of nicotinic acid (niacin), but also do not appear to have as high a potential for toxicity.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Synthesis of coenzyme A starts with the phosphorylation of which vitamin? A. thiamin B. nicotinamide C. pantothenic acid D. biotin E. riboflavin
C. pantothenic acid
The activity of erythrocyte glutathione reductase is useful for assessing the adequacy of which vitamin? Thiamin Niacin Pantothenic acid Riboflavin
Riboflavin
The activity of erythrocyte transketolase is useful for assessing the adequacy of which vitamin? Thiamin Niacin Pantothenic acid Riboflavin
Thiamin
Which vitamin uses the AI recommendation for adult recommendation because there is insufficient available data to establish an RDA? Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenate
Pantothenate
Excretion of fluorescent orange yellow urine follows oral ingestion of which vitamin? Pantothenic acid Thiamin Niacin Riboflavin
Riboflavin
Which of the following, if any, is not involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? Niacin Riboflavin Pantothenic acid Thiamin All of these are involved
All of these are involved
Which of the following B vitamins has a Tolerable Upper Intake Level set due to concerns about side effects? Riboflavin Pantothenic acid Niacin Thiamin
Niacin
Absorption of which vitamin is facilitated by the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT)? Thiamin Pantothenic acid Niacin Riboflavin
Pantothenic acid
Which of the following vitamins has the highest daily requirement in terms of RDA or AI? Pantothenic acid Niacin Thiamin Riboflavin
Niacin
Which of the following statements is true?
Reactive species can be formed during normal physiological processes.
All reactive species in human biology are reactive oxygen species.
Antioxidant supplements have been proven superior to dietary antioxidants for reducing the risk of many diseases.
Glutathione is a more effective antioxidant when it is in an oxidized state, whereas reduced glutathione is not very useful as an antioxidant.
Reactive species can be formed during normal physiological processes.
Which antioxidant is most effective in rapidly eliminating hydroxyl radicals prior to initiation of oxidative damage?
vitamin C
beta-carotene
vitamin E
vitamin K
vitamin C
Which antioxidant is most effective in terminating chain-propagation reactions in cell membranes?
vitamin E
vitamin C
beta-carotene
vitamin K
vitamin E
Which two of the following are reactive oxygen species, but do not fit the definition of a free radical? (Indicate both of the correct answers)
Superoxide anion Peroxyl radical Singlet oxygen Hydroxyl radical Hydrogen or lipid peroxide
Singlet oxygen
Hydrogen or lipid peroxide
Respiratory burst refers to the use of which reactive oxygen species by white blood cells to destroy foreign microbes? Hydroxyl radical Peroxyl radical Superoxide Peroxynitrite
Superoxide
Which of the following is not a source of hydrogen peroxide production in the human body? Tissue ischemia after injury Elimination of superoxide radicals Peroxisome activity Glutathione peroxidase activation
Glutathione peroxidase activation
The Fenton reaction involves the production of hydroxyl radical by the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. copper iron singlet oxygen superoxide
iron
Which reactive species is considered a major initiator of lipid peroxidation in the body?
Hydroxyl radical
Singlet oxygen
Hydrogen peroxide
Superoxide
Hydroxyl radical
Which three of the following minerals are necessary to the optimal performance of superoxide dismutase in human tissues?
Selenium Zinc Copper Manganese Iron
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
The reactive species scavenging function of vitamin C is limited to reducing radical species, it does not scavenge or quench any non-radical species.
True
False
False
Which one of the following minerals is essential to the function of glutathione peroxidase? Zinc Iron Manganese Copper Selenium
Selenium
What is the role of glutathione in the reaction between glutathione peroxidase and various peroxide species? Hydrogen acceptor Hydrogen donor Electron acceptor Component of enzyme protein sequence
Hydrogen donor
Which reactive species is referred to as an "electronically excited" molecule, and is inactivated by a process called "quenching"? Peroxyl radical Singlet oxygen Lipid peroxide Superoxide
Singlet oxygen
Which B-vitamin functions as a coenzyme to regenerate oxidized glutathione? Vitamin B6 Folic acid Thiamine Niacin
Niacin
Which of the following statements is true?
An important distinction between the two fat-soluble antioxidants beta-carotene and vitamin E may be that beta-carotene functions more on the cell surface, while vitamin E functions more in the interior of a cell.
The amount of vitamin C intake has little effect on vitamin C absorption.
In general, vitamin C is more effective in lipid environments, while vitamin E is more effective in aqueous environments.
Neither Ester-C nor vitamin C supplements from rose hips appears to be superior to other vitamin C sources.
Neither Ester-C nor vitamin C supplements from rose hips appears to be superior to other vitamin C sources
Which of the following enzymes is required for the synthesis of vitamin C and not present in human biochemistry? Aldonolactonase Gulonolactone oxidase Dehydroascorbate reductase Ascorbyl palmitase Lysyl hydroxylase
Gulonolactone oxidase
Which of the following foods is not a good source of vitamin C? Brussels sprouts Green pepper Broccoli Carrots
Carrots
Which of the following is the source of hydrogen atoms for the regeneration of ascorbic acid from dehydroascorbate? Coenzyme Q FADH Glutathione NADPH
Glutathione
According to Gropper, the maximal body pool of vitamin C can be maintained with a daily intake of:
100-200 mg
200-400 mg
500-1000 mg
60-100 mg
100-200 mg
Which reaction is typical of the kind catalyzed by vitamin C? Methylation Hydroxylation Decarboxylation Transamination
Hydroxylation
Vitamin C’s actual participation in biochemical reactions usually involves its antioxidant ability. Choose the description of this activity.
Accepts an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor
Donates an electron or electrons to oxidize a mineral cofactor
Donates an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor
Accepts an electron from the quinone form of vitamin E
Donates an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor
Which of the following is not a function of vitamin C in human biology? Collagen synthesis Norepinephrine synthesis Cholesterol synthesis Serotonin synthesis
Cholesterol synthesis
The necessity of ascorbic acid for its role in _____ is believed to be the reason that people with scurvy have no energy and are very tired.
carnitine synthesis
creatine synthesis
hormone activation
collagen synthesis
carnitine synthesis
The result of ascorbic acid interacting with a metalloenzyme containing iron is that the iron is in the _____ form.
ferrous
No answer text provided.
ferric
No answer text provided.
ferrous
The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for vitamin C was set to help reduce the risk of what side effect of vitamin C supplementation? Rebound scurvy Hemochromatosis Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Kidney stones
Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
Which substance does not belong to the family of carotenoids? Alpha-carotene Lycopene Tocotrienol Lutein Canthaxanthin
Tocotrienol
Match each carotenoid with the foods that represent good sources.
Carrots, cantaloupe
Tomatoes, watermelon
Green leafy vegetables, corn, eggs
Alpha and Beat Carotene
Lycopene
Lutein and Zeaxanthin
Which of the following best represents foods rich in preformed vitamin A (retinol)?
Citrus fruits, sweet red pepper, broccoli
Most nuts, vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables
Seafood, meat, grains
Cod liver oil, butter, eggs, fortified milk
Cod liver oil, butter, eggs, fortified milk
Which of the following is not a provitamin A carotenoid? Alpha-carotene Lycopene Beta-carotene Beta-cryptoxanthin
Lycopene
Which of the carotenoids has the greatest vitamin A activity? gamma-carotene delta-carotene beta-carotene alpha-carotene
beta-carotene
Three of the following digestive steps are required for normal absorption of vitamin A to occur in the gastrointestinal tract. Which one is not required? Micelle formation Amino acid conjugation Protein hydrolysis Ester hydrolysis
Amino acid conjugation
Where is the primary site for conversion of provitamin A to vitamin A in the human body?
Intestinal mucosal cell Adipose cell Liver Intestinal lumen Chylomicron
Intestinal mucosal cell
Match the substance with the most appropriate storage characteristic.
Post-hepatic circulation via transthyretin
Post-hepatic circulation via VLDL
Primarily stored in the liver
Stored in liver, adipose, and concentrated in specific tissues
Retinol or Carotenoids
Retinol
Carotenoids
Retinol
Carotenoids
Match the characteristics with the most appropriate substance. Use answers only once.
Most essential for differentiation of epithelial cells
Required for bone development and maintenance
Effective for both free radical quenching AND inhibiting neoplastic transformation
retinol
retinol
beta carotene
What is the form of vitamin A attached to the protein opsin in a molecule of rhodopsin? 11-cis retinol 11-cis retinal all-trans retinol all-trans retinal
11-cis retinal
Vitamin A in the form of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ supports the development of cells by influencing gene expression. retinol retinal retinoic acid retinyl ester
retinoic acid
Why is retinoic acid considered a hormone?
It is synthesized in the same tissue that it affects.
It causes the catabolism (break down) of body proteins.
It has a biologic function similar to insulin.
There are receptors for it on the nucleus and it causes a change in protein synthesis.
There are receptors for it on the nucleus and it causes a change in protein synthesis.
The function of which nutrient most likely includes protecting eye tissues from oxidative damage? Lycopene Beta-carotene Lutein/zeaxanthin Retinol
Lutein/zeaxanthin
Which mineral deficiency interferes with vitamin A metabolism? Magnesium Zinc Copper Iron
Zinc
Which of the following is not a deficiency symptom for vitamin A? Xeropthalmia Keratinization Hemolytic anemia Night blindness
Hemolytic anemia
Which symptom of a vitamin A deficiency is most likely responsible for deficiency-related deaths?
its function as a teratogen
severe infections
keratinization of the cornea
poor cellular differentiation and growth
severe infections
In which of the following conditions is plasma retinol NOT a good reflection of vitamin A status?
Stores of vitamin A are partially depleted
Stores of vitamin A are exhausted
Stores of vitamin A are filled to capacity
Stores of vitamin A are partially depleted
For which group are large doses of beta-carotene not likely to be safe? diabetics people with low thyroid function smokers people with acute infections
smokers
The upper limit for a safe amount of vitamin A has been suggested to be 3000 micrograms per day. How much would this be in International Units?
1000 IU
3000 IU
10,000 IU
30,000 IU
10,000 IU
Which of the following is not a sign of vitamin A toxicity? Liver damage Skin irritations Headache Bone pain Elevated blood pressure
Elevated blood pressure
An individual with poor vitamin A status would have a _____ RDR than someone with a good vitamin A status.
lesser
No answer text provided.
greater
No answer text provided.
greater
How many vitamers of vitamin E are there?
2 vitamers, D and L
8 vitamers, including tocopherols and tocotrienols
12 vitamers, including acetate and succinate esters
4 vitamers, alpha, beta, delta, gamma
8 vitamers, including tocopherols and tocotrienols
Which two prefixes indicate a natural, not synthetic, form of vitamin E? (Choose two answers)
SSS
dl-
d-
RRR
d-
RRR
Which of the following foods is the richest source of dietary alpha-tocopherol?
Almonds, one ounce Peanuts, one ounce Spinach, 1 cup raw Soybean oil, 1 tablespoon Sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon
Almonds, one ounce
What biochemical characteristic indicates that a vitamin E supplement must be digested before it can be successfully absorbed?
It is the alpha-tocopherol vitamer
It is the natural stereoisomer
It is esterified to acetate or succinate
It is esterified to acetate or succinate
After absorption from the intestine, which lipoprotein particle transports most vitamin E from the digestive tract to the liver?
LDL
VLDL
HDL
Chylomicron
Chylomicron
Alpha-tocopherol has the greatest vitamin E activity in the human body due to a selective preference for this specific vitamer in what part of vitamin E processing?
Intestinal cell chylomicron production
Intestinal lumen digestive enzymes
Intestinal lumen micelle formation and absorption
Hepatic cell production of VLDL
Hepatic cell production of VLDL
In what type of tissue is the largest amount of vitamin E stored?
heart
liver
adipose
muscle
adipose
Vitamin E is important to cell membrane stability because it is capable of terminating free radical chain reactions that propagate damage to the phospholipid structure of membranes.
True
False
True
Regeneration of oxidized vitamin E requires which three cofactors?
Vitamin C Reduced glutathione (GSH) FADH Selenium NADPH
Vitamin C
Reduced glutathione (GSH)
NADPH
The latest RDA for vitamin E is expressed in milligrams of RRR-alpha-tocopherol, but most people are more familiar with the older International Units of measurement. What is the adult RDA for vitamin E in International Units if the value is 15 mg of RRR-alpha-tocopherol? About 15 IU About 28 IU About 10 IU About 22 IU
About 22 IU
What type of anemia is associated with vitamin E deficiency?
Microcytic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Hypochromic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
The Tolerable Upper Intake Level was set for vitamin E to prevent _____________.
Increased risk of birth defects
Increased tendency for bleeding
Increased risk of cancer
Increased tendency for gastrointestinal distress
Increased risk of heart disease
Increased tendency for bleeding
Regarding food sources of selenium, which of the following statements is false?
Food selenium is primarily in the inorganic form
Soil crops have extremely variable selenium content
Brazil nuts are the richest known source of selenium
Seafood selenium may be less available due to
interactions with mercury
Food selenium is primarily in the inorganic form
Which form of a) organic and b) inorganic selenium is best absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract?
a) selenomethionine, b) selenate
a) selenocysteine, b) selenate
a) selenocysteine, b) selenite
a) selenomethionine, b) selenite
a) selenomethionine, b) selenate
Phytic acid (phytate) can inhibit selenium absorption.
True
False
True
Glutathione peroxidase contains selenium in the form of selenomethionine.
True
False
False
Which selenium-containing antioxidant is especially effective against reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite? Glutathione peroxidase Selenoprotein P Thioredoxin reductase Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase
Selenoprotein P
Which of the following is the selenium-containing enzyme important for repairing tissue proteins?
Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase
Thioredoxin reductase
Selenoprotein P
Glutathione peroxidase
Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase
Which selenium-containing molecule is thought to participate in the regeneration of several antioxidant systems, possibly including vitamin C?
Selenophosphate synthetase
Selenoprotein P
Thioredoxin reductase
Selenoprotein W
Thioredoxin reductase
Selenium-dependent deiodinases are only capable of activating thyroid hormone, not deactivating it.
True
False
False
Match the statements with the appropriate disease(s).
Keshin or Kashin-Beck
Associated with regional selenium deficiency in China
Symptoms include cardiomyopathy
Symptoms include degeneration of joints and cartilage
Selenium deficiency is not likely the only causative factor
Both
Keshin
Kashin-Beck
Both
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for selenium?
400 mcg
55 mcg
200 mcg
600 mcg
400 mcg
Which one of the following assessments is thought to reflect longer-term selenium status than the other assessments?
Urinary selenium
Plasma selenoprotein P
Whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity
Plasma selenium
Whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity
Which nutrient shows promise as therapy for hypercholesterolemia?
Selenomethionine
Tocotrienols
Alpha-tocopherol
Methyl selenide
Tocotrienols
Match the biological function with the required nutrient
Transamination
Carboxylation
Conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
Decarboxylation
B6
Biotin
B12
B6
Which of the following, if any, is not involved in one of the pathways of homocysteine metabolism? Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Biotin All of the above are involved
Biotin
Megaloblastic anemia is associated with a deficiency of which micronutrient(s)?
Biotin Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6, biotin, and vitamin B12 Both vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12
Microcytic anemia is associated with a deficiency of which micronutrient(s)?
Vitamin B12 Both vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6, biotin, and vitamin B12 Biotin
B6
The normal digestion and absorption of cobalamin requires adequate ______ digestion in the stomach; the presence of 2 nonenzymatic proteins: ________ ; and a receptor located in the ________.
Protein
R protein and intrinsic factor
ileum
Which mineral is a component of vitamin B12? Vanadium Cobalt Iron Silicon
Cobalt
The primary site for storage of vitamin B12 in the body is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. bone muscle spleen heart liver
Liver
Which of the following is TRUE?
Pernicious anemia can be treated with pharmacological doses of vitamin B12
Inadequate dietary intake, not inadequate absorption, is the most frequent cause of B12 deficiency seen in the US.
Neurological symptoms are uncommon in vitamin B12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia is caused by inadequate protein digestion
Pernicious anemia can be treated with pharmacological doses of vitamin B12
In the enzyme methionine synthase, vitamin B12 acts by accepting a ________ group from ________ and donating this group to ________ to form methionine.
Methyl
5-methyl THF
homocysteine
Which one of the following groups does NOT have a higher risk B12 deficiency?
People over 50 years of age
People regularly exposed to nitrous oxide gas
People with gallbladder disease
People with impaired pancreatic exocrine function
People using gastric acid-reducing drugs long-term
People with atrophic gastritis
People with gallbladder disease
Match the vitamin to the statement about Tolerable Upper Level of Intake.
Folic acid
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B6
No tolerable limit
No tolerable limit
Set to limit neuropathy
What disease or condition results from an absence or insufficient activity of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase enzyme complex?
Cataracts
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Cheilosis
Beriberi
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Biotin status has been shown to decline in some women.
True
False
True
Absorption of which vitamin is facilitated by the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT)?
Biotin
Folate
Vitamin B12
Biotin
Acetyl CoA carboxylase depends on which B vitamin to begin fatty acid synthesis?
Vitamin B12
Folate
Biotin
Biotin
What is meant by the term folate that distinguishes it from folic acid?
Folate is the oxidized form of the vitamin found naturally in foods and in biological tissues
Correct!
Folate is the reduced form of the vitamin found naturally in foods and in biological tissues
Folate is the oxidized form of the vitamin found in fortified foods and most supplements
Folate is the reduced form of the vitamin found in fortified foods and most supplements
Folate is the reduced form of the vitamin found naturally in foods and in biological tissues
Mammals are unable to synthesize folic acid, even though they can accomplish several of the necessary steps. Which one of the following is the step that cannot be accomplished by mammals? Cannot synthesize pteridine Cannot synthesize PABA Cannot form pteroic acid Cannot synthesize glutamic acid
Cannot form pteroic acid
Folate in foods can only be absorbed in the monoglutamate form; therefore, digestive enzymes called \_\_\_\_\_ are important for folate nutriture. glutaminases peptidases lipases conjugases
conjugases
Which of the following best describes the general biochemical role for folate?
One-carbon transfer
Oxidative decarboxylation
gamma-carboxylation
Electron transfer
One-carbon transfer
Dietary folate equivalents (DFE) are needed to account for the variation in bioavailability among different forms of folate. Based on the DFE, which of the following forms is most available?
Natural food folate
Synthetic folic acid taken on an empty stomach
Synthetic folic acid in a fortified food
No answer text provided.
Synthetic folic acid taken on an empty stomach
Which type of anemia is associated with folate deficiency?
Megaloblastic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Hypochromic anemia
Microcytic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Match the branch of nutritional genomics with the correct description.
- Genetic alterations that can be compensated for by increasing or decreasing specific nutrients
- Inborn changes in DNA nucleotide sequences or gene variants
- The interactions among genes and bioactive components in food that change gene expression without changing the DNA nucleotide sequence
Nutrogenomincs
Nutrogenetics
Nutritional epigenetics
The primary mechanism by which gene expression is modified by bioactive factors in food appears to be _____.
downregulation of translation
mutations causing cancer
production of SNPs
interactions with transcription factors
interactions with transcription factors
What lifestyle change would be most important to individuals with a common variant in the GST gene that impairs protections against toxins?
increasing levels of daily exercise
increasing intake of omega-3 fats
increasing ingestion of cruciferous vegetables
eating a low-fat diet
increasing ingestion of cruciferous vegetables
Match the genotype for N5,N10 methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) with the appropriate description.
MTHFR 677CC
MTHFR 677CT
MTHFR 677TT
Homozygous genotype exhibiting 30-35% of normal enzyme activity
Heterozygous exhibiting 70% of normal activity
Homozygous genotype exhibiting 100% of normal enzyme activity
Which two of the following can function as methyl donors? (Choose two answers)
Folic acid
5-methyl folate
Betaine
Choline
5-methyl folate
Betaine
The vitamin D response element (VDRE) is found on the cell membrane. in the mitochondria. in the cell cytosol in the nucleus.
in the nucleus.
Which of the following risk factors is not associated with a vitamin D deficiency? Aging Antibiotic therapy Kidney disorders Crohn's disease
Antibiotic therapy
Which is not a characteristic of rickets? Thoracic deformities Deformed fingers Curved spine Bowed legs
Deformed fingers
For what type of enzyme does vitamin K act as a cofactor? decarboxylase coagulase hydroxylase carboxylase
carboxylase
Vitamin-K dependent modification of proteins such as the clotting factors affects the binding of which mineral ion by those proteins? Magnesium ions Iron (ferrous) ions Phosphate ions Calcium ions
Calcium ions
Match the following characteristics with the appropriate mineral
Dietary sources include soft drinks
Poorly absorbed from oxalate-containing foods
Component of chlorophyll in green leafy vegetables
Absorption at low intakes does NOT rely on a brush border transporter
Digestion not required for dietary forms
Phosphorus Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus Magnesium
Calcium absorption in adults is typically less than 50%, whether from food or supplements.
True
False
True
The binding protein that facilitates many calcium-dependent physiological processes is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ albumin calmodulin calcitonin osteocalcin
calmodulin
