560D Flashcards by Monica Salvatierra

3 factors that can increase the likelihood of getting Iron Deficiency Anemia:

Heavy menstruation
Copper deficiency
Celiac disease

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Anemia of chronic disease can be caused from prolonged inflammation (IL-6, Cytokines, infection), which increases _____________ to sequester iron in tissues so germs can’t use the iron to reproduce.

Hepcidin (synthesized by the liver and controls iron homeostasis)

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What are the four conditionally essential amino acids?

Arg, Gln, Gly, Tau

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Mutations in the SN1-SN2 transporter can lead to elevations in what 3 AA?

Gln, Asn, His

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The central energy pathways begin with digestion and assimilation of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Long-chain FA require the use of the _________________ shuttle to help them enter the mitochondrial for beta-oxidation.

Carnitine

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Inhibition of CoQ10 synthesis from statin drugs, will typically reveal elevations in urinary ________________.

Hydroxymethylglutarate

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When considering toxic exposures, through what barriers and routes of entry can lipophilic (fat loving) toxins be absorbed?

GI tract
Skin
Lymphatics
In Utero

Fat toxins enter thru GI SKIN LYMPH UTERO

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One of the phthalate esters used in plastic wrap to cover foods can lead to decreased kidney function, increased cysts, increased peroxisome proliferation and even liver cancer in rats. This is a concern to humans because ________________ is used in plastic tubing for hemodialysis.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)

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A client with diagnosed IDA comes to you because he eats meat-based protein and green leafy vegetables but his iron levels have not increased. What other nutrient is needed to properly absorb iron?

Vitamin C

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It is important to differentiate IDA from Thalassemia because…

Blood transfusion in Thalassemia can lead to iron overload

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Sideroblastic anemia is an X-linked condition where the enzyme called __________ is mutated, leading to excess iron in the RBC mitochondria.

Delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (this is also the enzyme that controls the rate-limiting step in heme synthesis)

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Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase is the enzyme that reduces (1) to (2) as part of the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway (pentose phosphate pathway). G6PD deficiency can lead to RBC hemolysis from oxidant stress because (2) is no longer available to help recycle glutathione.

NADP+

2. NADPH

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What symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anemia block hepcidin expression, leading to increased ferroportin and iron availability?

Hypoxia and Erythropoiesis

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Methemoglobin differs from hemoglobin by its inability to bind to oxygen because:

The iron has been oxidized to Fe3+

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It is important to simultaneously check vitamin B12 and folate levels because administration of folic acid can mask vitamin B12 deficiency, leading to neurological demyelination that is often irreparable. The 2 constituents that accumulate in B12 deficiency, one of which competitively inhibits FA biosynthesis leading to increased myelin sheath turnover/degradation are:

Methylmalonyl CoA and Homocysteine

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A client with diagnosed pernicious anemia does not have the ability to produce intrinsic factor. What nutrient binds to intrinsic factor to be properly absorbed and where is it absorbed in the GI tract?

B12 binds to IF and is absorbed in the ileum

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GI conjugase enzymes hydrolyze folate to the monoglutamate form. What cofactor is needed for this reaction?

Zinc

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Vitamin B12 is composed of ___________________, which can have hydroxy-, methyl-, or deoxyadenosyl- groups attached to it.

Corrin ring with cobalt

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The reabsorption of urobilinogens from the GI to the liver so they can be resecreted into the bile is called
the _________________.

Enterohepatic Urobilinogen cycle

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How can porphyrias arise from a low caloric (low glucose) diet?

Because ALA synthase 1 will be upregulated to push heme biosynthesis (Glucose inhibits ALAS1, so it is automatically upregulated in the absence of glucose. This is why glucose is given IV to people with acute porphyrias and why it is important for people with porphyrias to avoid crash dieting and low-carb diets).

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Obstruction of the bile duct from gallstones (called extrahepatic cholestasis) can cause symptoms of pale clay-colored stools and dark urine upon standing. This occurs because:

The liver regurgitates conjugated bilirubin into the blood and the decline of conjugated bilirubin entering the GI tract

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Hyperbilirubinemia can lead to Jaundice, yellowing of the skin, nail beds and whites of the eyes. Acute hemolytic crises found in G6PD deficiency and Sickle Cell Anemia can cause hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice from an:

Increase in unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin

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Which enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathways contains zinc and is located in the cytosol?

Delta-ALA-Dehydratase (this enzyme converts 2 ALA into porphobilinogen and is very sensitive to heavy metals like lead because they replace the zinc)

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How is a porphyrin different from a porphyrinogen?

Porphyrins are oxidized forms of porphyrinogens

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During heme degradation, which degradation product of bilirubin gives urine its yellow color?

Urobilin

Alanine aminotransferase converts alpha-ketoglutarate into glutamate and alanine into:

Pyruvate

What cofactor assists aminotransferases like ALT and AST in their ability to transfer amino groups?

Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate (Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate (B6) is required by all aminotransferases, actually holds onto the amino group that get transferred during the enzymatic process, and gets recycled for continual use of these reactions).

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is responsible for breaking down (A) into (B)

(A) GSH | (B) Gamma-glutamylAA + Cysteinylglycine

How many ATP are utilized in the gamma-glutamyl cycle to resynthesize glutathione?

3 ATP

How can decreased levels of thyroid hormone impact vitamin A?

Impairs conversion of beta-carotene to Vitamin A

- The insulin receptor is activated when active chromodulin binds it. What mineral does chromodulin required to be functionally active? - Biotin - Vanadium - Chromium - Copper

Chromium (Requires 4 Cr3+ bound to it to become active)

- Genetic mutations deactivating leptin or its receptor leads to: - Better insulin sensitivity - Increased satiety - Hyperphagia and massive obesity - Reduced inflammation

Hyperphagia and massive obesity

- High levels of ATP in the cell indicate increased energy reserves. Hence, high levels of ATP will: - Block activity of pyruvate kinase - Appear during a fasting state - Enhance activity of glycogen phosphorylase - Enhance activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase

Block activity of pyruvate kinase

- Intraabdominal (visceral/organ) fat is more dangerous than subcutaneous fat because - Increases free FA - Increases inflammatory cytokines - May increase insulin resistance and ER stress All of these responses

All of these responses

- Obesity and chronic overnutrition interrupt metabolic pathways in the following way(s): - High ATP reduces glycolysis and TCA cycle - High pyruvate and acetyl CoA increase FA - High NADH reduces creation of Acetyl CoA and TCA cycle - Excess glucose converts to glycogen All of these responses

All of these responses

- Glucagon rises in a fasting state and controls metabolism by: - Blocking glycolytic enzymes - Increases PEP-carboxykinase - Inhibiting glycogen synthase All of these responses

All of these responses (Glucagon blocks glycolysis, Increases gluconeogenesis (PEP carboxykinase), and decreases glycogenesis (glycogen synthase).

- The Alanine cycle: - Occurs in a well-fed state - Releases alanine from the liver - Does not require ATP - None of these

None of these responses (Alanine cycle converts 2 alanine from peripheral tissue into glucose in the liver during a fasting state, requires ATP and produces 5-7 ATP in peripheral tissues).

- Insulin’s effect on target tissue include all of the following EXCEPT: - Increased protein degradation - Increased cell uptake of glucose - Increased glycogen synthesis - Increased FA synthesis - Increased potassium uptake

Increased protein degradation (Protein degradation is decreased with increased food consumption/insulin, while protein synthesis will increase.

- Insulin resistance leads to increased CVD risks through: - Increased PAI-1 - Increased inflammation through peroxidation - Increased TG, VLDL, and LDL - All of these responses

All of these responses

- Adiponectin assists in: - Decreased fat accumulation - Increased glucose uptake - Decreased Inflammation - All of these responses

All of these

- Hyperglycemia can lead to glycation (glycosylation) reactions. One such glycation reaction with hemoglobin A, leads to Hemoglobin A1c, which can be measured in the bloodstream and is a marker for how much a person's blood sugar has fluctuated over the past 3 months. What level of HbA1c is indicative of Diabetes? - > or = 6.5 - 5.7-6.4 - < 5.7 - > or = 7.0

> or = 6.5

- One of the maladaptive responses in insulin resistance includes dyslipidemia. Increased activity of vascular lipoprotein lipase leads to increased chylomicron and VLDL release of non-esterified or ______. - HDL - Free Fatty Acids (Non-esterified FA = Free FA) - Alpha-Glycerol phosphate - Glucose

Free Fatty Acids (Non-esterified FA = Free FA)

- Activation of the "thrifty" gene during maternal under- or over-nutrition may lead to under- or overweight babies, which causes an: - Increased risk of DM, CVD, and Obesity - Decreased risk of DM, CVD, and Obesity - No change in risk of DM, CVD, and Obesity

Increased risk of DM, CVD, and Obesity

- List the basic AA? - His, Lys, Arg - His, Lys, Asp - His, Leu, Arg - His, Leu, Asp

His, Lys, Arg

- GFAT is the rate-limiting enzyme in the creation of what? - Glucosamine, Chondroitin, Sialic Acid - GLucosamine, Galactosamine, Hyaluronic Acid, - Glucosamine, Chondroitin, Hyaluronic Acid - Glucosamine, Galactosamine, Sialic Acid

Glucosamine, Galactosamine, Sialic Acid

- Periportal hepatic cells respond to increased local acidity by transporting ___(a)__ through the SNI-SN2 transporter to cleave it into __(b)__, which buffers the acidity. - (A) Gln, (B) Glu + NH3 - (A) Gln + NH3, (B) Glu - (A) Glu, (B) Gln + NH3 - (A) Glu + NH3, (B) Gln

(A) Gln, (B) Glu + NH3 (Glutamine gets broken down into Glutamate & NH3. NH3 is alkaline in nature and helps buffer acidity)

- Gln can be cleaved to Glu + NH3 via PDG. This process is used in the __ to help regulate/buffer acidic pH. - Brain - Liver - Kidney - All of these responses

All of these responses

- In the urea cycle, Ornithine + Carbamoyl phosphate > PO4 _ Citrulline is catalyzed by what enzyme? - OTC (mitochondrial ornithine transcarbamoylase) - CPS (mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1) - Arginase - Argininosuccinate Synthase

OTC (mitochondrial ornithine transcarbamoylase)

- In the Urea cycle, Arginase requires what cofactor to convert Arg > Orn + urea? - Mn++ - Mg++ - Zn++ - Cu++

Mn++

- The pathway Arg > Orn + a-KG >> Pro for the creation of collagen via the enzymes arginse, ornithine aminotransferase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase require what nutrients for proper activity? - Mn++, B5, Retinoic acid, B3, Mg++ - Zn++, B5, Retinoic acid, B3, Mg++ - Mn++, P5P, Retinoic acid, B3, Mg++

Mn++, P5P, Retinoic acid, B3, Mg++

- Arg > ADMA via PRMT (methionine dependent protein arginine N-methyltransferase) requires what nutrient? - SAMe - Met - SAH - Homocysteine

SAMe

- BCAA are converted to alpha-ketoacids via BCAA transaminase. This enzyme requires the cofactor: - B6 - B5 - B2 - B3

- Conversion of threonine > alpha-ketobutyrate + NH3 > Propionyl CoA requires the use of what 2 enzymes? - Threonine Dehydratase, Branched Chain alpha-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Complex (BCKDC) - Threonine Aldolase, Branched Chain alpha-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Complex (BCKDC) - Threonine Dehydratase, Threonine Aldolase - Threonine Aldolase, Threonine Dehydrogenase

Threonine Dehydratase, Branched Chain alpha-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Complex (BCKDC)

- Histidine is converted to histamine via histidine decarboxylase. What cofactor is required for this reaction? - Pantothenic acid - P5P - Flavoprotein - Nicotinamide

P5P

- Histamine can be degraded through hepatic (liver) diamine oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase OR through extra-hepatic pathways utilizing histamine N-methyltransferase. How do the nutrient requirements differ for these pathways? - Diamine Oxidase is copper-dependent - Diamine Oxidase is flavoprotein - N-methyltransferase is copper-dependent - N-methyltransferase is a flavoprotein

Diamine Oxidase is copper-dependent

- Lysine does NOT undergo the initial transamination requiring B6 but downstream conversion of alpha-aminoadipic acid (a-AAA) to alpha-ketoadipate does require B6. What nutrient is required for the initial conversion of Lys -> Saccharopine? - B3 - B2 - B5 - B12

- Conversion of Lys ->->-> Carnitine is important because carnitine shuttles FA into the mitochondria for Beta-oxidation. Along with Lys, what nutrients would improve enzymatic function of this pathway? - SAMe, a-KG, B3, Cu++, Vitamin C - SAMe, a-KG, B3, Mg++, Vitamin C - SAMe, a-KG, B3, Fe++, Vitamin C - SAMe, a-KG, B3, Zn++, Vitamin C

SAMe, a-KG, B3, Fe++, Vitamin C

- Phenylalanine Hydroxylase PAH requires what nutrients for conversion of Phe>Tyr? - Iron, B3, BH4 - Copper, B2, BH4 - Iron, B2, BH4 - Copper, B3, BH4

Iron, B3, BH4

- What 2 nutrients required by both tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylalanine hydroxylase PAH? - Iron, Vitamin C - Vitamin C, Tetrahydrobiopterin - Copper, Vitamin C - Iron, Tetrahydrobiopterin

Iron, Tetrahydrobiopterin

- Conversion of norepinephrine -> epinephrine via the enzyme Phenylethanolamine-N-Methyltransferase (PNMT) utilizes what nutrient in this reaction? - SAMe - Vitamin C - Copper - Iron

SAMe

- Tryptophan monooxygenase (ie. tryptophan hydroxylase), like tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylalanine hydroxylase require what cofactors for proper functionality? - Iron, Vitamin C - Copper, Vitamin C - Iron, Tetrahydrobiopterin - Tetrahydrobiopterin, Vitamin C

Iron, Tetrahydrobiopterin

- Degradation of serotonin >> 5HIAA via monoamine oxidase (MAO) requires what 2 minerals for functionality? - Iron, Copper - Copper, Zinc - Iron, Zinc - Iron, Vitamin C

Iron, Copper

- Methionine adenosyltransferase converts Met > to ______ with the assistance of ATP and H2O. - Homocysteine - Cysteine - SAMe - SAH

SAMe

- True/False: Oxidative Stress activates the transsulfuration pathway to divert sulfur-containing amino acids into the creation of Glutathione, a major antioxidant.

True

- What AA is a precursor to serine and component of glutathione? - Glycine - Taurine - Phenylalanine - Tryptophan

Glycine

- Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) interconverts serine and glycine with the assistance of what nutrients? - Cobalamin, P5P, Mn++ - FAD, P5P, Mn++ - 5,10-Methylene THF, P5P, Mn++ - NAD, P5P, Mn++

5,10-Methylene THF, P5P, Mn++

- Isocitrate dehydrogenase converts isocitrate > a-KG with the assistance of: - Mg++, Cu++, FAD+ - Mg++, Mn++, NAD+ - Mg++, Cu++, NAD+ - Mg++, Mn++, FAD+

Mg++, Mn++, NAD+

- Succinate is unique because it not only is one of the TCA cycle intermediates, but it can also feed electrons directly to complex II of the ETC, via succinate dehydrogenase. This enzyme requires ____(a) to function. Low levels of (b) may also raise levels of succinate and all the TCA cycle intermediates because the ETC becomes halted, causing a backup of the TCA cycle. - (a) FAD, (b) CoQ10 - (a) NAD, (b) Fe++ - (a) Mg++, (b) CoQ10 - (a) Fe++, (b) CoQ10

(a) FAD, (b) CoQ10

- Norepinephrine and epinephrine can be degraded into _________________ via the enzymes COMT and MAO. - Hydroxyindoleacetate - Homovanillate - Vanilmandelate - Quinolinate

VMA

- Elevations in benzoate and not hippurate indicate: - There is a need for B5 - All of these responses - There is a need for glycine - Difficulty with phase II conjugation

All responses

- Bacterial ingestion of dietary polyphenols can lead to the creation of the intestinal dysbiosis markers - Benzoate, Hippurate, Phenylacetate, Phenylpropionate - D-Arabinitol, Dihydroxyphenyl Propionate - Cresol, Hydroxybenzoate, D-Arabinitol - Tricarballylate, D-Lactate

Benzoate, Hippurate, Phenylacetate, Phenylpropionate

- Testing toxin load can be difficult depending upon the type of toxin and where it prefers to deposit. For instance, non-polar organic toxins preferentially deposit in ___(a)__tissue and may require a ___(b)__ because they quickly clear from blood and urine. - (A) Muscle, (B) Muscle biopsy - (A) Adipose, (B) fat biopsy - (A) Synovium, (B) synovial aspirate - (A) Bone, (B) bone biopsy

(A) Adipose, (B) fat biopsy

- Phthalates are found in plastics, cosmetics and many convenience items found in developed countries. Phthalates are considered “steroid hormone disruptors” because: - Have increasing estrogenic potency when multiple phthalates are combined - They impair male reproductive development - Have low estrogenic potency - All of these

All of these

- Porphyrias can occur from prolonged fasting because low glucose intake leads to - Downregulation of ALA dehydratase - Downregulation of ALAS1 - Upregulation of ALAS1 - Upregulation of ALA dehydratase

Upregulation of ALAS1

- The 4 concurrent decarboxylation steps in the porphyrinogen pathway convert (A) to coproporphyrinogen III via the enzyme (B). - (A) uroporphyrinogen III, (B) Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase - (A) pentacarbon porphyrinogen, (B) uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase - (A) ketosis coproporphyrin, (B) coproporphyrinogen oxidase - (A) heptacarboxyl porphyrinogen, (B) UROD

(A) uroporphyrinogen III, (B) Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

- The enzyme CPOX (coproporphyrinogen oxidase) converts coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen IX and is blocked by the heavy metals. - Lead and Cadmium - Mercury and Arsenic - Arsenic and Cadmium - Lead and Mercury

Lead and Mercury

- Phase II detoxification involves conjugation of a water soluble constituent to a functional group on the toxin. These conjugation reactions can occur: - Multiple times creating many diff. Types of metabolites - Along different pathways depending upon substrate concentration - On Carboxyl, hydroxyl or amine groups - All of these

All of these

- The major and most common route for xenobiotic phase II metabolism is _____________ and it accounts for the majority of conjugated metabolites found in urine and bile - Glucuronidation - GSH conjugation - Acetylation - Sulfation

Glucuronidation

- GSH can conjugate with electrophiles through the enzyme ___________ to reduce the reactivity of these harmful substances. - Glutamyl-transferase - Cysteinyl-Glycinase - Acetylase - Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST)

Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST)

- The sulfation pathway prevails over glucuronidation when there are adequate levels of sulfate and ATP with ________ of xenobiotics. - Low levels - Multiple types - High levels

Low

- In order for AA conjugation to occur, ____(a)_____ toxins, must be activated to their ___(b) form. - (a) organic acid, (b) PAPS - (a) amino acid, (b) CoA - (a) carboxylic acid, (b) PAPS - (a) carboxylic acid, (b) CoA

(a) carboxylic acid, (b) CoA

- Methylation typically works on endogenous constituents, with O-methyl metabolites have ___(a)____ activity than the original molecule. The active methyl group used in methylation reactions is ____(b)____. - (a) lesser, (b) 5MTHF - (a) greater, (b) 5MHTF - (a) greater, (b) SAMe - (a) lesser, (b) SAMe

(a) greater, (b) SAMe

- Oral challenge with acetaminophen reveals increased glutathione conjugation with low sulfate and glucuronide conjugation. This person: - would benefit from oleic acid (olive oil) - would benefit from sodium sulfate and NAC - would benefit from reduced toxin exposure - all of these responses

All

- Match the pathways of alcohol degradation with the appropriate enzyme. - Ethanol + NAD+ > acetaldehyde + NADH - Acetaldehyde + NAD+ > acetate + NADH - Ethanol + NADPH > acetaldehyde + NADP+ a. alcohol dehydrogenase b. cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 c. aldehyde dehydrogenase

alcohol dehydrogenase aldehyde dehydrogenase cytochrome P450 CYP2E1

Antacids can reduce the absorption of iron and copper, leading to iron deficiency anemia because: Because the antacids bind the metals Acidic pH increases Fe3+ DMT1 requires cotransport of H+ ions to internalize divalent cations Stomach acid properly degrades metals

DMT1 requires cotransport of H+ ions to internalize divalent cations

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the enzyme that reduces .......(a)....... to ____(b)____ as part of the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway (ie. pentose phosphate pathway). G6PD deficiency can lead to RBC hemolysis from oxidant stress because ___(b)___ is no longer available to help recycle glutathione. (a) NADP+, (b) NADPH (a) NADPH, (b) NADP+ (a) NADH, (b) NAD+ (a) NAD+, (b) NADH

(a) NADP+, (b) NADPH

How many ATP are utilized in the Gamma-glutamyl cycle to resynthesize glutathione? 4 ATP 3 ATP 2 ATP 1 ATP

Clients may be diagnosed as overweight if their BMI is: 35-39.9 25-29.9 18.5-24.9 30-34.9

25-29.9

The Cori cycle: Produces 2 ATP in peripheral tissues Converts 2 lactate into glucose All of these responses Is upregulated in a fasting state

All of these

Obesity and chronic overnutrition interrupt metabolic pathways in the following way(s): Excess glucose converts to glycogen All of these responses High NADH reduces creation of Acetyl CoA and TCA cycle High ATP reduces glycolysis and TCA cycle High pyruvate and acetyl CoA increase FA

All

True or False: Phosphofructokinase 1, Glucokinase, and Pyruvate Kinase are all upregulated in response to insulin.

True

diponectin assists in: Increased glucose uptake All of these responses Decreased fat accumulation Decreased inflammation

All

The correlation of hyperinsulinemia and increases in hypertension come from the hyperinsulinemia causing: Increased potassium retention Increased sodium retention and uric acid retention Improved thermogenesis Increased blood flow to peripheral tissues

Increased sodium retention and uric acid retention

Activation of the "thrifty" gene during maternal under- or over-nutrition may lead to under- or over-weight babies, which causes an: Decreased risk of DM, CVD, and Obesity No answer text provided. No change in risk of DM, CVD, and Obesity Increased risk of DM, CVD, and Obesity

Increased risk of DM, CVD, and Obesity

The reabsorption of urobiinogens from the GI to the liver so they can be resecreted into the bile is called the _________________. Hepatosplenic Urobilinogen Cycle Enterohepatic Urobilinogen Cycle Enterohepatic Stercobilin Cycle Enterosplenic Urobilinogen Cycle

Enterohepatic Urobilinogen Cycle

How is a porphryin different from a porphyrinogen? Porphyrins are oxidized forms of porphyrinogens Porphyrins are functional intermediates of heme synthesis Porphryins are the colorless form of porphyrinogens Porphyrins are reduced forms of porphyrinogens

Porphyrins are oxidized forms of porphyrinogens

Delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA synthase) creates delta-aminolevulinic acid from what substrates? Succinyl CoA and iron Succinyl CoA and glycine Succinyl CoA and vitamin B12 Succinyl CoA and heme

Succinyl CoA and glycine

Lead can inhibit certain enzymes of the heme biosynthesis pathway causing elevations of ALA and decline of protoporphyrin IX (leading to elevations in coproporphyrin III). Which three enzymes in this pathway are inhibited by lead? Ferrochelatase, Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase, and Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase ALA Synthase, Delta- ALA Dehydratase, and Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase Delta-ALA Dehydratase, Coproporphyrinogen oxidase, and Ferrochelatase ALA Synthase, Porphyrobilinogen Deaminase, and Uroporphyrinogen III synthase

Delta-ALA Dehydratase, Coproporphyrinogen oxidase, and Ferrochelatase

What are the essential amino acids? His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val His, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Thr, Tyr, Val His, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Ser, Thr, Trp, Val His, Ile, Leu, Met, Pro, Ser, Thr, Trp, Val

His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val Remember: PVT TIM HaLL (no "a")

If there is a defect in the SN1-SN2 transporter allowing Gln into the presynaptic nerve terminal, what will happen to Glu levels within the presynaptic nerve terminal? Glu levels will increase unless the GLAST receptor can uptake Glu into the perineuronal astrocyte. Glu levels will decline unless the EEAC1 receptor can compensate Glu levels will increase unless the EEAC1 receptor can compensate. Glu levels will decline unless the GLAST receptor can uptake Glu into the perineuronal astrocyte.

Glu levels will decline unless the EEAC1 receptor can compensate EEAC1 can take Glu directly up into presynaptic nerve terminal. The GLAST receptor will uptake Glu into the perineuronal astrocyte for recycling into Gln but that will not help improve levels of Glu within the presynaptic nerve terminal because it is a different cell.

Periportal hepatic cells respond to increased local acidity by transporting ___(a)__ through the SNI-SN2 transporter to cleave it into __(b)__, which buffers the acidity. (a) Gln + NH3, (b) Glu (a) Glu + NH3, (b) Gln (a) Gln, (b) Glu + NH3 (a) Glu, (b) Gln + NH3

(a) Gln, (b) Glu + NH3 Glutamine gets broken down into Glutamate and NH3. NH3 is alkaline in nature and helps buffer acidity.

In the urea cycle, Ornithine + Carbamoyl phosphate -> PO4 + Citrulline is catalyzed by what enzyme? CPS (mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1) Arginase OTC (mitochondrial ornithine transcarbamoylase) Argininosuccinate Synthase

OTC (mitochondrial ornithine transcarbamoylase)

In the urea cycle, CPS (mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1) converts ammonia + H2O + 2 ATP + CO2 -> ______________. Carbamoyl phosphate + SO4 + 2 ADP Carbamoyl phosphate + PO4 + AMP Carbamoyl phosphate + PO4 + 2 ADP Carbamoyl phosphate + AMP + diphosphate

Carbamoyl phosphate + PO4 + 2 ADP

Arginine conversion into Agmatine via the enzyme arginine decarboxylase requires what cofactor? P5P Zn++ Mg++ Mn++

P5P

The enzyme DDAH, which breaks ADMA down into citrulline + dimethylamine, is upregulated with the assistance of what nutrients? Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Mg++ Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Zn++ Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Zn++ Vitamin A, Vitamin C, P5P, Zn++

Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Zn++

BCAA are converted to alpha-ketoacids via BCAA transaminase. This enzyme requires the cofactor: B5 B3 B2 B6

Histidine is converted to histamine via histidine decarboxylase. What cofactor is required for this reaction? Pyridoxal-5-phosphate Pantothenic acid Flavoprotein Nicotinamide

P5P

Conversion of Lys ->->-> Carnitine is important because carnitine shuttles FA into the mitochondria for Beta-oxidation. Along with Lys, what nutrients would improve enzymatic function of this pathway? SAMe, a-KG, B3, Fe++, vitamin C SAMe, a-KG, B3, Mg++, vitamin C SAMe, a-KG, B3, Cu++, vitamin C SAMe, a-KG, B3, Zn++, vitamin C

SAMe, a-KG, B3, Fe++, vitamin C

Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PAH) requires what nutrients for conversion of Phe -> Tyr? Copper, B3, BH4 Copper, B2, BH4 Iron, B3, BH4 Iron, B2, BH4

Iron, B3, BH4

What two nutrients are required by both tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)? Copper, vitamin C Iron, tetrahydrobiopterin Iron, vitamin C Vitamin C, tetrahydrobiopterin

Iron, tetrahydrobiopterin

Conversion of norepinephrine -> epinephrine via the enzyme Phenylethanolamine-N-Methyltransferase (PNMT) utilizes what nutrient in this reaction? Vitamin C SAMe Copper Iron

SAMe

Alpha-amino-N-butyric acid (AANB) may be elevated in acoholism. What nutrient may be deficient when AANB is elevated? B3 B2 B6 Iron

Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) interconverts serine and glycine with the assistance of what nutrients? FAD, P5P, Mn++ 5,10-Methylene THF, P5P, Mn++ Cobalamin, P5P, Mn++ NAD, P5P, Mn++

5,10-Methylene THF, P5P, Mn++

Asparagine (from asparagus) can be converted into aspartate. Aspartate is in a unique position to enter the TCA cycle through its conversion into the TCA cycle intermediate, __________________, via the enzyme AST (SGOT) and cofactor vitamin B6. Pyruvate Malate Oxaloacetate Citrate

Oxaloacetate

High ammonia levels from urea cycle dysfunction can lead to the accumulation of _ (a) . Treatment with (b) , may help the urea cycle function better and decrease urinary (a) levels. (a) Glucarate, (b) Arginine, Mn++ (a) Orotate, (b) Arginine, Mg++ (a) Sulfate, (b) NAC (a) Pyroglutamate, (b) NAC

(a) Orotate, (b) Arginine, Mg++

____________ is a metabolite of Tyrosine, is a cell proliferation marker, and may indicate normal tissue growth or tumor growth. Methyl-p-Hydroxyphenyllactate (MeHPLA) p-Hydroxyphenylacetate (HPA) p-Hydroxyphenyllactate (HPLA) p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP)

p-Hydroxyphenyllactate (HPLA)

The definition of ________________ is: a term used when products of detoxification processes are more toxic than the original substance. Hormesis Toxicology Detoxification Biotoxification

Biotoxification

Porphyrias can occur from prolonged fasting because low glucose intake leads to: downregulation of ALAS1 downregulation of ALA dehydratase upregulation of ALA dehydratase upregulation of ALAS1

upregulation of ALAS1

ALA + ALA -> porphobilinogen via the enzyme (a) which requires (b) . (a) porphobilinogen deaminase, (b) NH3 (a) ALA synthase, (b) Zinc (a) delta-ALA dehydratase, (b) Zinc (a) hydroxymethylbilane synthase, (b) NH3

(a) delta-ALA dehydratase, (b) Zinc

High ammonia can be from impaired degradation of proteins, impaired urea cycle, and even exercise. High ammonia can also be indicative of: bacterial overgrowth excessive glutamine intake all of these responses deficiency of arginine

All

Cytochrome P450 enzymes function in the hydroxylation reactions for the activation of (a) and in the microsomal system located in the (b) for the detoxification of xenobiotics. (a) vitamin D, (b) smooth ER (a) vitamin E, (b) lysosome (a) vitamin A, (b) peroxisome (a) vitamin C, (b) rough ER

(a) vitamin D, (b) smooth ER

CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 are important to remember because these pathways are activated by: estrogen cortisol caffeine alcohol

caffeine (also acetaminophen)

There are two major types of sulfotransferases. One type is membrane-bound in the golgi apparatus and sulfates GAGs and glycoproteins, while the other is located in the __________ and conjugates steroids, catecholamines, T4, bile acids, and xenobiotics. cytosol smooth ER nucleus mitochondria

cytosol

True/False: Oral challenge with aspirin reveals higher glycine conjugate than glucuronides. This is a normal interpretation.

True