5. Self Textbook

Question 1

Rouge Test

Answer 1

Paint a red dot on it Sproul or year when the animal wakes up and looks in the mirror do they immediately touch the area of their head that contains the red spot chimpanzees and orangutans do dolphins show signs of recognizing them selves and humans have self recognition developing at two years of age

Question 2

Study try to suppress a thought and then after regulate their emotions on the second task

Answer 2

People who tried to suppress I thought were worse up trying to regulate their emotions on a second task. This is because the first task depleted the resourcesPeople used to control their behaviours and feelings making it difficult to engage in a subsequent act of self control. This explains why we often feel at self control when under stress for example smokers

Question 3

Study participants were told that research shows that the treat of introversion is associated with professional success others told that extroversion is associated with success then participants asked to list behaviours they had performed that were relevant to the dimension of introversion or extroversion

Answer 3

Those who are led to believe that introversion was associated with success were more likely to remember introverted rather than extroverted behaviours they had performed the opposite was true for those who are led to believe that extraversion was associated with success. When people are motivated to see themselves as possessing a desired quantity or trait they conduct a selective memory search for examples consistent with that trait this body of evidence then allows them to draw the rational conclusion that the desirable trait is part of their self schema

Question 4

Self concept clarity

Answer 4

The extent to which knowledge about the surface stable and clearly and consistently defined people low in salt concept clarity tend to have low self-esteem and more neurotic and or depression problem and less aware of their internal states. People with low self concept clarity are more likely to engage in self handicapping creating excuses in band so it if one does poorly on a task one can avoid self blame

Question 5

View of the self western vs Asian

Answer 5

Westerns have a independent view of the self defined in terms of one’s own internal thoughts Asians have inter-dependent you at the self that one’s belief is often determined by the thoughts and actions of others

Question 6

Gender differences in defining the self

Answer 6

Woman self-concept reflects more relational interdependence they focus more on there close relationships such as how they feel about the romantic partner friend or their child. This is true in only individualistic cultures like Canada and New Zealand. Men have a collective interdependence and define himself is in terms of social groups such as sports teams to which they belong

Question 7

How often do people introspect look in word and examine yourself

Answer 7

Only 8% of thoughts are about the self most of the time people are thinking about work and chores and time even when people do introspect the reason for their feelings and behaviour can be hidden from conscious awareness

Question 8

Help people escape the self

Answer 8

Alcohol abuse binge eating sexual narcissism and suicide

Question 9

Behave real and internal standards discrepancy and similarity

Answer 9

If you can change your behaviour to match your internal guidelines after seeing a discrepancy you will do so if you feel you can’t change your behaviour then being in a state of self-awareness will be very uncomfortable because he will be confronted with disagreeable feedback about yourself

Question 10

Inside versus outside perspective of the self

Answer 10

East Asians are more likely to have an outside perspective of the self healing themselves to the eyes of other people and Westerners are likely to have an insider perspective of the self focussing on their own private experiences with it considering how other people see them. This means East Asians or less influenced by cues such as mirrors Americans read them selves of us more dissatisfied with them selves when a mirror was present. The mirror shows you your true self and things like Facebook and social media show you your ideal self. Canadian university students placed in front of a mirror less likely to cheat on the test and those who are not in front of the mirror As this helps to see them selves from an outside perspective

Question 11

Study hard participants watch a film in one condition on annoying saw was turned on intermediately throughout then asked to read what they thought of the film and if they thought this saw was distracting

Answer 11

Participants in both conditions thought the movie was fine read it the same nose in that annoying condition when asked about the sauce then rated the movie as slightly less despite the fact that they did not

Question 12

Study asked participants if they had little to find attitudes towards protecting the environment then got them to check off behaviours from a list of pro or anti-environmental actions they have performed such as living on lights

Answer 12

Being reminded of a past behaviour influenced only the participants who’s attitudes were more uncertain These participants were using observations of their own behaviour to come to a conclusion about themselves

Question 13

False uniqueness effect

Answer 13

Students believed that many other students Shared their weaknesses but that they were unique in their strengths people also tend to write themselves as happier more intelligent more ethical and even as having stronger emotional reactions and that was around

Question 14

Self effacement

Answer 14

The tendency to hold a negative view of oneself common in Asian cultures. This is established at a relatively young age

Question 15

Rewards for doing a task

Answer 15

If people are given rewards for engaging in certain activities they may conclude that they did actually do not enjoy that activity instead they may think that they are just participating in the activity for the reward

Question 16

Rewards and types of tasks

Answer 16

If a kid has no interest in reading and getting him to read by offering free pizza is not a bad idea because there’s no initial interest to undermine conversely using rewards to improve grades for example giving money for an eight is good because this is less likely to decrease interest in a task and maybe even increase interest it conveys the message that you were good at that task

Question 17

Cancer patients feel better in the scenarios

Answer 17

By comparing themselves with people who are more Alvin they were just made the sauce feel more optimistic about the course of their own conditionThis of course can be reversed as seeing if graduates have to envision a scenario that then they end up feeling worse about themselves are you graduating and only finding jobs in fast food

Question 18

The exception of the world social comparison

Answer 18

If you’re thinking about your normal self and see a superstar you tend to be inspired or if you are making up words comparisons to ask significant other you also get happy due to high levels of empathy their success benefits you

Question 19

Models make us feel bad about ourselves

Answer 19

Control condition wash 10 minute segment of show with Finn person experiment condition read an article saying that body shapes of TV actors are unrealistic then watched 10 minutes segments woman who simply watch the show reported greater body dissatisfaction then participants receive the weight and shape intervention

Question 20

Social comparison and culture

Answer 20

Asian Canadians were more likely to make upward social comparisons and compare them selves with someone who did better where is European Canadians were more likely to make downward social comparison and compare them selves with people who did worse

Question 21

might people in Asia secretly engage in self enhancement but not feel comfortable openly bragging about themselves on questionnaires

Answer 21

Participants were asked who had performed better on the test today or the average student at the University they were given false information on how they have performed on each trial and how the average student performs Canadians found it hard to believe that they had done worse than the average student and therefore needed ample proof that that was the case if the feedback indicated that they had a performed the average student they did not need to see as many traffic events Japanese participants were reversed and the success condition they viewed the greatest number of trials versus they did not have to see many trails in which they have been of performed before concluding that the average student had performed better than they had

Question 22

When thinking we are bad at something why might we be motivated to maintain a negative you that we are indeed bad at something

Answer 22

It can be unsettling and confusing to have her views of ourselves this confirm if we changed our self-concept every time we encountered someone with a different opinion of us it would be impossible to maintain a coherent sense of self second so verification theory holds that it can be uncomfortable to interact with people who view us differently from the way we view ourselves people who don’t know us might have unrealistic expectations and it would be embarrassing to have them discover that we are not as smart as we think we are better to let them know our faults at the office at