4. Social Percelption

Question 1

Social Perception

Answer 1

The study of how we form impressions of other people and make inferences about them

Question 2

Non-verbal communication

Answer 2

the way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words

Question 3

Non-verbal cues

Answer 3

Way in which people communicate, including facial expression, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch, eye gaze

Question 4

Types of Nonverbal Communication

Answer 4

• Facial expression
• Gazing behaviour
• Body language (Gestures)

Question 5

Primary Facial expression - 7

Answer 5

anger, fear, disgust, surprise, sad, happy (contempt)

Question 6

Study:

New Guinea, Fore people with Facial Expression

Answer 6

• Told stories with emotional content
• Match photos with emotions
• Then asked to make facial expressions and were photographed (Americans asked to decode this time)
• Primary emotions are universal (converyed by the face) This was thought by Darwin (and the gestures are specific).

Question 7

What did Paul Ekman discover?

Answer 7

• went to a stone age culture in the highlands of new guinnie. People who’ve had no contact with the outside. –Their idea is to see of their expressions are the same.
• showed that Japan showed emotions in private but not in public around athorities
• found 7 emotions

Question 8

What are Display rules?

Answer 8

• The rules we learn in gowing up of wheather to show emotions
• Subtle differences; affect accuracy
• Accuracy increases with length of exposure

Question 9

Study:
studied how Japanese and American participants interpreted the emotion of a target figure using cartoon drawings of people in groups.

Answer 9

• The Japanese participants were more influenced by the expressions of group members surrounding the target figure than were the Americans
• Cartoon figures. Japan/America. Japan more influnced by group members that target figure. How happy is target, Japan was looking at hollistic and taking in the people around.

Question 10

What is the facial action coding system?

Answer 10

• first thing that sought to identify how many diffrent expression a person can show
• how many ways can the face make an emotion
• map all the various emotions on the face and with the coordinates knows how much on average the eyebrown go down, etc.

Question 11

Gazing Behaviour

Answer 11

Gaze direction especially important in communicating current focus of attention and future intentions
–True smile will produce crow’s feet (seen as more trustworthy)
–Direct eye contact leads to greater memory for the interaction
–Direct gaze makes the person look more honest
–Pupil’s expand (dilate) when they are sexually aroused

Question 12

Functions of NV communication

Answer 12

Provides information Facilitates interaction

Question 13

EMBLEMS

Answer 13

non-verbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture.
-ex. the finger, thumbs up

Question 14

Study:

tried to convery sarcasum either voice or email. Gauged how well they thought theyd do and how well they actually did.

Answer 14

Thought they’d be accuracy percived in both email and voice. Voice was failry accute to detect sarcasm, but not in email. Sarcasum is all voice inflection

Question 15

Study:
NV communication Facilitating Interaction. People mimic otheres non verbals and it makes us like others more.
confederate told to either rub their face a lot or shake their foot. Or. Confederate trained to randomly mimic the participants behaviour.

Answer 15

At end, the participant liekd the confederate more and rated the interation as much more smooth when the confederate mimiced their behaviour (as compared to the control).

Question 16

Chameleon effect

Answer 16

People mimic otheres non verbals and it makes us like others more.

Question 17

Study:
“Thin Slices”.
•Female judges viewed 10 s. video clips of profs (no sound)
•Rated profs on # of dimensions
•Researchers compared with ultimate evaluations (teaching effectiveness item)

Answer 17

people really accurate with their rating even for such a small amount of non verbal behaviour

Question 18

Study:
Judging people from yearbook photos
how power the faces looked. Correlated with outcome (sucess as a leader)
The people being judged were all people from lawfirms, so cucess was how profitable the law firms were (got the current photos from their webistes)

Answer 18

Also had people judge on power, warmth, profit margin, proffitability, profit per partner
correlation between power and profit margin, PPP ad profiability margin, there was a significant correlation

Question 19

Study:

Sex orientation thin slice

Answer 19

•people given 50ms to gauge if the person show was heteo/homo sexual (neutral expression, •peircing/itendifyers were taken out)
•people were above change at making these decisions
they wern’t good but better than random

Question 20

Study:
Transmission of Race Bias via Televised Nonverbal Behavior
Are people exposed to nonverbal bias?
The nonverbal behaviour biased if the shows had more + nonverbal behaviour to white not black characters
examined popular tv show characters whos status could be equated (ex both doctors)

Answer 20

•Derek/Burke, Miranda/Mark/Webber from Greys Anatomy
•How did the supporting characters act towards the characters
•3 10s clips from each episode. first, middle and end of the episode for each.
•removed audio and featured character (cropped out) so only the characters aroudn them could be seen
•Then the clips were shown to white 11 judges who hadn’t seen the shows
•They rated the extent that the unseen character was treated + by the characters aroudn them
There was a nonverbal bias
•If black, the character recieved less + nonverbal biases from the supporting cast members
•controled for attractivness/sociability/kindness/intel and stuff they said
•…Okay, so howd the non verbal bias get there? Why were rhe supporting acors not as non-verbaly + towards the blacks?
•maybe spontaneous to actors
written into script? Directors telling actors?
•societal norms leaking in to influence?

Question 21

Study :
natural exposure to nonverbal race bias via tv
2 conditions: pro-black or prowhite (either black/white showing faviourable responces)
‘seperate’ study completed IAT

Answer 21

Pro-white clips lead to greater pro-white IAT

These shows are indeed perpetuating negative norms

Question 22

The case of female body size

–Study 1: Extent to which nonverbal bias in favor of especially slim women on TV

Answer 22

18 shows, 2ep each, 10s clip from each chacter with uninterpted social interation with prim chacter edited out (blocked out so no silloette of body size)
How much did visuble liked the blocked chacters?
liked skinny more R=.24

Question 23

The case of female body size

Study 2: Whether exposure to such nonverbal bias influenced females’ body-related attitudes and beliefs

Answer 23

pro slim/ pro fat
dependant: idea bod type for themselves, most people or attitued in general
if watched pro-slim they rated the ideal body size for themselves and others should be slimmer. (watching the subtle nonverbal biases towards cast member changes how they want to look)

Question 24

The case of female body size
Study 3: Extent to which individual differences in media exposure to nonverbal bias could account for body-related attitudes, beliefs, and behavior

Answer 24

some reviewers asked in people concered with weight watched these shows
individual dif abut how much people care about weight watch the shows
no individual dif found

Question 25

The case of female body sizeStudy 4: Regional rates of unhealthy dieting were attributable to regional exposure to nonverbal bias

Answer 25

regional relationship between exposure to nonverbal bias and unhealthy dieting behaviors
set up meters on people telle to gauge what they watched and how much they watched.
If region had a high TV rating for especially pro-slim shows, that region would have a high “exposure score”
sig + correlation between exposure and unhealthy diet behaviours