2.2 Flashcards
Ethnography
The method by which researchers the tent to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside without imposing any preconceived notion’s they might have
Operational definition
The purse ice specification of how variables are measured or manipulated
Inter-judge reliability
The level of agreement between two or more people who independently observe and code set of data by showing that two or more judges independently come up with the same observations researchers in sure that the observations are not the subject of impressions of one individual
Internal validity
Ensuring that nothing other than the independent variable can affect the dependent variable this is accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assigning people to different experimental conditions
External validity
The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people
Mandane realism
The extent to which an experiment is similar to real life situations
Psychological realism
Extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment or similar to psychological processes that occur in every day life psychological realism can be high in an experiment even when Mundane realism is low
Basic research
Studies that are designed to find the best answer as to why people behave the way they do and that are conducted purely for reasons of intellectual curiosity
Applied research
Studies designed specifically to solve a particular social problem building a theory of behaviour is usually secondary to solving the specific problem
Distinguish between random sampling and random assignment. Provide an example of each.
Simple random sampling is a sampling technique where every item in the population has an even chance and likelihood of being selected in the sample. Here the selection of items completely depends on chance or by probability and therefore this sampling technique is also sometimes known as a method of chances
Random assignment refers to the use of chance procedures in psychology experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group. Study participants are randomly assigned to different groups, such as the experimental group, or treatment group.
Describe the hindsight bias and explain how it could influence how much the typical student prepares for a social psychology exam.
new-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism, is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it.
You dont study because the concepts seem straight forward and obvious but are only really in hindsight
Compare and contrast correlational and experimental research. Be sure to address the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
CORRELATIONAL:
Pro: Various constraints often limit true or quasi-experimental designs
Causal relationships may not be important
A larger amount of data is able to be gathered than can be acquired through experimental design
They are strong in realism and solve practical problems
Con:
Inability to actively manipulate IV
Inability to randomly assign individuals to treatments
Possible faulty interpretation of results
EXPERIMENTAL:
PRO:
They eliminate all factors influencing the dependent variable other than the cause (the independent variable) being studied. This gives the researcher confidence in inferring causal relationships.
Criteria for causality (Paul Lazarfeld)
Cause must precede effect in time
There must be an empirical relationship between the presumed cause and presumed effect
The relationship can’t be explained as being due to a third variable
CON:
Many variables are not amenable to experimental manipulation, such as human or environmental characteristics
Ethics may prohibit manipulation of some variables
It is just impractical to manipulate some variables
Laboratory experiments are artificial
The Hawthorne effect may occur
Define what social psychology is, and give an example of a social psychological question.
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