12.1 Prejudice & Intergroup

Question 1

Prejudice

Answer 1

a negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their membership in that group

Question 2

Study:

• Field Experiment: 16 confederates apply for jobs. Some are portrayed as homosexual – others not. All dressed the same.
• Formal Discrimination (differences in what employer said about the availability of jobs/received a call back) versus
• Interpersonal Discrimination (less verbally positive/ less time interviewing them/used fewer words).

Answer 2

Think job applicatons used to be “help wanted men, help wanted women in the newspaper)
Subtle Formal discimination in wording in job application: male words disuaded females from applying

Question 3

reference point

Answer 3

• Attitudes mostly affectivley based
• how we feel about the stats and interpret the graph on lside 2 depends a lot on what group you belong to. People focus on diffrent refrence point depending on what group you are.
• If you are the minorit group your refrence point is at the end point you look at thr 87 and think why is it not at 100%. Pople not as involved wil look “oh look how far we’ve come”

Question 4

Stereotypes: Fundamental Dimensions

Answer 4

where do sterotypes come from?
Sterorype content model developed to answer that question

• Competence: to what extent can they carry out this friendlyness/maliciousness?
• Warmth: is this person a friend or foe (warm/trustworthy or a foe?)

Question 5

H-Competence

L-Warmth

Answer 5

Envious Sterotypes

• Asians, Jews, Rich people, feminists
• envy

Question 6

H-Competence

H-Warmth

Answer 6

Admiration

• ingroup, close allies
• Admiration

Question 7

L-Competence

L-Warmth

Answer 7

Contemptuous Sterotypes

• welfare recipients, drug addicts, poor people
• Contempt

Question 8

L-Competence

H-Warmth

Answer 8

Paternalistic sterotype

• housewives, elderly people, disabled people
• pity

Question 9

In Between Terms Warmth / Conmepance

Answer 9

• active harm (acting against (might have insults bullying, sexual harasment, hate crimes)
• passive harm (interpersonal, avoiding eye contact, being dismissing, avoiding the other person)
• passive facilitation (acting with, convienent cooperation until there’s a threat that creates intergroup tension the nyou won’t get help anymore)
• active faciliation (they get active help, people are going out of their way to help)

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

unjustifiable negative behaviour towards a group and its individual members

Question 11

Stereotypes

Answer 11

Beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people (usually overgeneralized, inaccurate and resistant to change)

Question 12

What causes prejudice? - 6

Answer 12

(1) The way that we think: Social Categorization
(2) Stereotypes
(3) The way we feel: Affect and Mood
(4) The way we assign meaning: Attribution
(5) The way we conform: Normative rules
(6) Realistic Conflict Theory

Question 13

The way that we think: Social Categorization

Answer 13

–Us versus them
–Creation of groups
–Leads to In-group Bias

Question 14

Minimal group paradigm

Answer 14

• Coin toss into groups X or W
• Photographing people together
• within minutes the group bias sets in and see their group as superior and aim to mantain that advantage

Question 15

Why do people show this in group bias

Answer 15

–(1) Belongingness: Gives us identity

–(2) Self-esteem Benefits: gives people a SE boost if they believe their group is superior.

Question 16

Out-group homogeneity

Answer 16

Perception that those in the out-group are more similar to each other than they really are, and more similar than those in the in-group.

Question 17

Study:
have participants from Princeton and Rutgers watch a scene that young man was wondering to listen to rock or classical music.
-the male participant asked what % of participants from that school would make the same choice?

Answer 17

• If the princeton was asked about Rutgers they went yeah, high % listens to rock
• Why would you think your out group is so similar?
• Exposure? if youre part of a certain group you’re not exposed to the out group as much.
• Research says its not based on how many pople from out group youve met/associated with

Question 18

Change people’s perceptions of US versus THEM

Answer 18

–Speaking the same language
–Playing on mixed race team

I study asked jews you were students should Germans be forgiven for the cold cost in the social identity condition the Holocaust was described as an event in which Germans behaved aggressively towards Jews in the human identity condition the Holocaust was described as an event in which humans behave aggressively towards other humans as predicted participants in the human identity condition were more willing to forgive and assigned less guilt to Germans today then those in the social identity condition

Question 19

Stereotypes

Answer 19

–Complex link between stereotyping and prejudice
–Doesn’t take much to activate a stereotype
–Autimoatic Prejudice: Shooter Bias

Question 20

Automatic Prejudice

Answer 20

• Most people know the content of stereotypes
• They automatically activate them when they see a target (Devine)
• Some then make an effort to override this automatic response to behave in a non-prejudiced manner

Implicit awareness unconscious and automatic first thoughts and judgements

Question 21

Motivation to Avoid Prejudice

Answer 21

• Over time, people have become much less willing to admit to disliking any particular social group
• Some because they genuinely feel positively towards stigmatized and minority groups
• some people are motivated by external motivation to avoid prejudice (ie: avoid bing prejuce so don’t look bad) [External Motivation to Avoid Prejudice]
• Some people motivated by interal motivation (it: avoid being prejudice because its important to you) [Internal Motivation to Avoid Prejudice]

Question 22

Study:
white make answer Q’s assessing interperonal skills
reciveved feedback from black or white manager
1/2 had + 1/2 had -
wanted to measure sterotype activation. Used word completion task to look at the accesability of the sterotyle.

Answer 22

• They can fill in with something unlerlated to race like snack (the steroype is not activated). Or they can fill in in to something with race like BLACK showing sterotype activation
_ _ _ ACK = BLACK or SNACK.
•Only one place it was activated and that was in the negative feedback back manager condition because people wanted to feel good.
•When they got the positive feedback they supressed the steroype in order to feel good about themselves.
•No diffrence in the white manager conditions

Question 23

The way we feel: Affect and Mood

Answer 23

–Emotions are very important
–The affect thats induced doens’t have to be related to intergroup conflict
–tired can’t think as much, no defences (lack of cognitive resources)
– so argue that emotions are the best predictor of prejudice
–induced either posive, negative or neutral state in participants
–foudn that amoung participants who felt the most negative, they expressed the most prejudice
–negative affect leads to prejudeice against various out groups

Question 24

The way we assign meaning: Attribution

Answer 24

• Ultimate attribution Error tendency to make dispositional attribution about an entire group of people
• The group is doing bad because something about them selves
• For out-groups, poor outcomes are attributed to dispositional causes, whereas successful outcomes are often attributed to situational causes

Question 25

The way we conform: Normative rules

Answer 25

• Conformity to the rules and standards in society.
• Asked p’s to rate a large number of social groups in terms of how acceptable it is to have negative feelings towards each group.
• Strongly correlated with how personally positive or negative they felt.
• it’s okay to have negative views on trailer park trash

Question 26

Realistic Conflict Theory

Answer 26

Limited resources lead to conflict between groups and results in increase prejudice and discrimination

Question 27

Zero Sum Perspective

Answer 27

• think of resources as a pie and you have to slice it up. You want the biggest piece of the pie and give a smaller piece to others.
• Others think well why don’t we just get a bigger pie? bigger pan, more ingredients?