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ESA4 > 5 - Repro - Control of Reproductive Processes > Flashcards

5 - Repro - Control of Reproductive Processes Flashcards

1
Q

From where is GnRH secreted?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

How is GnRH transported to the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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3
Q

Define portal system:

A

Vascular arrangement where blood from a capillary bed is transported to another capillary bed, via connecting veins

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4
Q

What type of cells in the anterior pituitary does GnRH act on?

A

Gonadotropes

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5
Q

How do the gonadotropes respond to GnRH?

A

Secrete FSH + LH

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6
Q

Why does oestrogen levels increase towards ovulation?

A

As the follicle grows, more oestrogens are secreted in response to a given gonadotropic stimulation

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7
Q

Why does progesterone and oestrogens increase after ovulation?

A

As the corpus luteum grows, more progesterone and oestrogens are secreted in response to a given concentration of LH

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8
Q

Leydig cells in the testes bind LH. What is the effect of this?

A

LH stimulates Testosterone production from Leydig cells

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9
Q

How does FSH affect Sertoli cells?

A

Maintains them and makes them responsive to Testosterone

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10
Q

Approx. how much testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells per day?

A

~ 4-10 mg/day

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11
Q

Which hormones produced by the gonads REDUCE GnRH secretion?

A
  • Testosterone
  • Oestrogen (at moderate concentrations)
  • Inhibin
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12
Q

How does Oestrogen (at moderate concentrations) affect GnRH secretion?

A

Reduces GnRH secretions from the hypothalamus

- Reduces the amount of GnRH released per pulse

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13
Q

Why can the LH surge only occur at low concentrations of progesterone?

A

Progesterone inhibits oestrogen from having a positive feedback affect on the hypothalamus. This positive feedback causes a GnRH surge, which results in the LH surge from the anterior pituitary.

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14
Q

Which cells secrete inhibin?

A
  • Females = granulosa cells

- Males = Sertoli cells (when spermatogenesis occurs too rapidly)

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15
Q

What is meant by a ‘determinative’ effect of testosterone?

A

An effect which is only partly reversible, if at all (non dependent on continuous production of testosterone)
- most secondary sex characteristics are ‘determinative’ effects, ie deepening of voice

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16
Q

What is meant by a ‘regulatory’ effect of testosterone?

A

An effect which is reversible, and dependent of continuous production of testosterone.
- ie maintenance of internal genitalia, aggression and sexual activity

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17
Q

What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • Follicular phase

- Luteal phase

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18
Q

High concentrations of oestrogen cause a GnRH surge, resulting in an LH surge. Why doesn’t FSH concentrations also increase?

A

Granulosa cells secrete inhibin, which suppresses FSH release

19
Q

On which day of the menstrual cycle does the concentration of LH peak?

A

Day 13

20
Q

On which day of the menstrual cycle does the concentration of progesterone peak?

A

Day 21

21
Q

What are the 3 stages of the endometrial cycle?

A
  • Menses
  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
22
Q

Which main hormonal change causes menses to occur?

A

Sudden drop in progesterone (+ oestrogen)

23
Q

Which main hormonal change causes the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Increasing concentration of oestrogen

24
Q

Which main hormonal change causes the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Increasing concentration of progesterone

25
Q

Which hormone stimulates endometrial thickening and secretion of cervical mucus in the follicular stage?

A

Oestrogen

26
Q

Which hormone stimulates the development of the spiral arteries and increase in basal body temperature in the luteal phase?

A

Progesterone (on oestrogen primed cells)

27
Q

What is the length of a normal menstrual cycle?

A

~ 21 - 35 days

28
Q

Which phase of the ovarian cycle is always 14 days, regardless of length of menstrual cycle?

A

Luteal phase

29
Q

What is the relationship between FSH and inhibin?

A

Negative feedback mechanism:
When concentrations of FSH increase, this stimulates granulosa cells to secrete inhibin, which has a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus, causing decreased FSH secretion.

30
Q

Name the part of the fallopian tubes which capture the ovum released from the ovaries:

A

Fimbraie

31
Q

What types of cells make up the epithelium of the fallopian tubes?

A
  • Ciliated columnar cells

- Peg cells (secrete mucous)

32
Q

Which part of the female genital tract has a convoluted lumen?

A

Fallopian tubes

33
Q

Name the innermost layer of the uterine wall:

A

Endometrium

34
Q

Name the 2 layers of the endometrium:

A
  • Stratum basalis

- Stratum functionalis

35
Q

Which layer of the uterine wall is shed during menses?

A

Stratum functionalis of the endometrium

36
Q

Describe the myometrium:

A
  • Middle layer of the uterine wall

- 4 layers of ill-defined smooth muscle

37
Q

Describe the arteries which supply the endometrium:

A
  • Stratum basalis = supplied by straight arteries

- Stratum functionalis = supplied by coiled arteries

38
Q

What is the arterial supply to the uterus?

A

Uterine arteries (from internal iliac arteries)

39
Q

Describe the epithelium of the cervix:

A

Simple columnar

- Except @ External Os: Non-keratinised simple squamous

40
Q

Describe the epithelium of the vagina:

A

Non-keratinised simple squamous

41
Q

What types of muscle make up the muscular wall of the vagina?

A
  • Smooth

- Skeletal

42
Q

Why do some women experience tender breasts before their menses?

A

Increasing concentration of oestrogen causes duct proliferation, which can cause tenderness

43
Q

Which hormones cause breast development at puberty?

A

Oestrogens

ESA4 (36 decks)

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