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ESA4 > 1 - Head & Neck - General > Flashcards

1 - Head & Neck - General Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 layers of deep cervical fascia, from superficial to deep:

A

1 - Investing layer
2 - Pretracheal layer
3 - Prevertebral layer

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2
Q

In which cervical fascial layer is the Platysma and the external jugular vein found?

A

Superficial cervical fascia

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3
Q

Which cervical fascial layers form the carotid sheath?

A

Deep cervical fascial layers:

  • Investing layer
  • Pretracheal layer
  • Prevertebral layer
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4
Q

What are the attachments of the investing layer of deep cervical fascia?

A

Superiorly:

  • Inferior mandible
  • Mastoid process
  • Superior nuchal line
  • External occipital protuberance

Inferiorly:

  • Superior border of manubrium
  • Superior border of clavicles
  • Acromion
  • Spine of scapula
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5
Q

What are the attachments of the pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia?

A 
Superiorly = Hyoid bone
Inferiorly = Blends with fibrous pericardium
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6
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pretracheal layer, and what do they enclose?

A

1 - Muscular layer = Enclose infrahyoid muscles

2 - Visceral layer = Enclose Thyroid gland, Trachea and Oesophagus

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7
Q

The investing layer splits to invest which key muscles and glands?

A
  • Trapezius
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Submandibular salivary glands
  • Parotid salivary glands
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8
Q

How can a thyroid goitre cause facial oedema and breathlessness?

A

Goitre can extend retrosternally as the pretracheal layer extends into thorax.
Therefore goitre can put pressure on trachea = breathlessness.
Goitre can compression the venous drainage from the head and neck = facial oedema.

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9
Q

Name the important contents of the carotid sheath:

A
  • Common carotid artery
  • Internal jugular vein
  • Vagus nerve
  • Cervical lymph nodes
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10
Q

The prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia extends between which structures?

A
  • Base of cranium

- 3rd thoracic vertebrae (T3)

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11
Q

Which layer of deep cervical fascia forms the axillary sheath (surrounding the axillary vessels and brachial plexus)?

A

Prevertebral layer

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12
Q

Where is the retropharyngeal space?

A

Space between the prevertebral and buccopharyngeal (fascia surrounding pharynx) fascial layers

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13
Q

What is found in the retropharyngeal space?

A

Nothing (lymph nodes up to age 4)

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14
Q

What is the main function of the retropharyngeal space?

A

Allows pharynx to move freely, and to expand when swallowing

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15
Q

If an infection develops in the retropharyngeal space, how far down in the body can it spread?

A

To the posterior mediastinum

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16
Q

What age group most commonly develops infections in the retropharyngeal space?

A

Under 5 yrs

17
Q

How can a retropharyngeal abscess present?

A
  • Visible bulge on oropharynx
  • Sore throat
  • Dysphagia
  • Stridor
  • Neck stiffness
  • High temperature
18
Q

What is the function of the buccinators?

A
  • Keep cheeks taut

- Aid chewing

19
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal nerve - Mandibular division

CN V

20
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve

CN VII

21
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Facial paralysis due to inflammation of facial nerve. Often due to viral infection.

22
Q

Through which gland does the fascial nerve pass?

A

Parotid gland

23
Q

What are the main muscles of mastication?

A
  • Temporalis
  • Masseter
  • Medial and lateral Pterygoids
24
Q

Name the 5 branches of the facial nerve:

A 
1 - Temporal
2 - Zygomatic
3 - Buccal
4 - Marginal mandibular
5 - Cervical
25
Q

Name the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve:

A

1 - Opthalmic
2 - Maxillary
3 - Mandibular

26
Q

How can you test the facial nerve?

A 
Motor:
- Raise both eyebrows
- Frown
- Close both eyes tightly
- Try to open eyes against resistance
- Show both upper and lower teeth
- Smile
- Puff out both cheeks
Sensory:
 - Test for taste
27
Q

How can you test the trigeminal nerve?

A 
Motor: 
- Palpate temporalis and masseter as patient clenches jaw
- Ask to keep mouth open and side-to-side against resistance
- Jaw jerk
Sensory =  Light touch in 3 divisions:
1) Opthalmic = forehead
2) Maxillary = cheeks
3) Mandibular = chin
28
Q

Name the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck:

A

Superior = inferior margin of mandible
Laterally = medial border of sternocleidomastoid
Middle - Imaginary sagittal line down midline

29
Q

Name the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck:

A 
Anterior = Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Posterior = Anterior border of trapezius
Inferior = Superior border of medial 1/3rd clavicle
30
Q

Which nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Accessory nerve

CN XI

ESA4 (36 decks)

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