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ESA4 > 15 - Repro - Pregnancy > Flashcards

15 - Repro - Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the reaction which causes the regulation of the trophoblast invasiveness during implantation:

A

Decidualization reaction

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2
Q

What is the Decidualization reaction?

A

The secretion of factors from the endometrial stromal cells, to regulate the invasiveness of the trophoblast cells during implantation

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3
Q

Which cells of the blastocyst migrate into and line the spiral arteries of the endometrium after implantation has occurred?

A

Trophoblast

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4
Q

When does pre-eclampsia typically present?

A

After 20 weeks of gestation

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5
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of pre-eclampsia?

A
  • High blood pressure
  • Proteinuria
  • Headaches
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Heartburn
  • Oedema
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6
Q

Name the main functional units of the placenta:

A

Chorionic villi

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7
Q

As the growing foetus has increasing demands, how is the interhaemal distance decreased in the placenta?

A
  • Thinning of trophoblast layers
  • Margination of foetal capillaries within the villi
  • Increased branching of villus tree = Increased surface area
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8
Q

Define haemomonochorial placenta:

A

Placenta in which there is 1 layer of trophoblast tissue separating the mother’s blood from the blood capillaries of the foetus

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9
Q

Give some examples of drugs which can cross the placenta:

A
  • Thalidomide
  • Alcohol
  • Nicotine
  • Cocaine
  • Lithium
  • Warfarin
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10
Q

Give some examples of infectious agents which can cross the placenta:

A
  • Varicella zoster virus
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Treponema palladium
  • Toxoplasma gonadii
  • Rubella
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11
Q

Via which mechanism do some infectious agents cross the placenta?

A

Pinocytosis

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12
Q

Which antibody can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

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13
Q

Define teratogen:

A

A drug or other substance capable of interfering with the development of a fetus, causing birth defects

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14
Q

Name the arteries/veins which contribute to the maternal placenta:

A

Endometrial arteries

Endometrial veins

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15
Q

Which vessels are contained within the umbilical cord? State whether they carry oxygenated or deoxy- blood:

A

Umbilical vein - oxygenated blood

Umbilical arteries x2 - deoxygenated blood

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16
Q

Name the 3 main substances which are actively transported across the placenta:

A

1) Amino acids
2) Iron
3) Vitamins

17
Q

Name the major substances produced by the placenta:

A
  • Glycogen
  • Cholesterol
  • Fatty acids
  • Steroid hormones (Progestogen + Oestrogens)
  • Protein hormones (hCG, hPL, hCT, hCACTH)
18
Q

Which hormone released from the placenta during pregnancy increases the mother’s appetite?

A

Progesterone

19
Q

By which week of gestation does the placenta take over production of steroid hormones from the corpus luteum?

A

~ 11th week

20
Q

Name the main protein hormones produced by the placenta:

A
  • human placental lactogen
  • human chorionic gonadotrophin
  • human chorionic corticotrophin
  • human chorionic thyrotrophin
21
Q

What are the main functions of human placental lactogen?

A
  • Increase maternal mammary gland development

- Increase glucose availability to foetus

22
Q

When do levels of hCG peak?

A

10th week of gestation

23
Q

What limits the transport of glucose across the placenta?

A

The maternal supply

24
Q

What are the main functions of human chorionic gonadotrophin?

A
  • Supports the corpus luteum

- Suppresses maternal IgA, IgG and IgM to prevent rejection

25
Q

Name the substance which is measurable in the serum and urine, and used as the basis of most pregnancy tests:

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin

26
Q

List some causes of a high hCG level:

A
  • Miscalculation of pregnancy dating
  • Multiple pregnancies
  • Molar pregnancy
  • Choriocarcinoma
27
Q

What is a Hydatidiform mole?

A

Rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy, due to abnormal fertilization of the oocyte. The placenta grows with little or no foetal growth.

28
Q

What is a choriocarcinoma?

A

Fast-growing tumour of the uterus, which occurs during pregnancy. Usually develops from the placental tissue of a hydatiform mole.

29
Q

Maternal IgG moves across the placenta to offer the foetus some immunity. How is this passive immunity usually continued after birth?

A

Via breast milk

30
Q

What is the primary reason for progesterone to relax maternal smooth muscle during pregnancy? What other effects may the mother notice due to this smooth muscle relaxation?

A

To decrease TPR, to prevent increase in blood pressure

  • Hot flushes
  • Nasal congestion
  • Reflux
  • Constipation

ESA4 (36 decks)

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