2 - HaDSoc - Lay beliefs + Health promotion + PROMs Flashcards

1
Q

What is a lay belief?

A

The understanding someone with no specialised knowledge has of health and illness

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2
Q

What is the negative definition of health, and which group of people commonly hold this belief?

A
  • Health is simply the absence of illness

- Lower socio-economic class

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3
Q

What is the functional definition of health, and which group of people commonly hold this belief?

A
  • Health means you can function normally

- Elderly

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4
Q

What is the positive definition of health, and which group of people commonly hold this belief?

A
  • Health is a state of wellbeing and fitness to work towards

- Higher socio-economic class

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5
Q

If someone has a negative perception of health, how will this impact on their health-related behaviours?

A
  • Will not reduce risky health behaviours as they are not currently causing illness
  • May not think to change current behaviours to more positive health behaviours, as do not view health as a state to work towards
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6
Q

What are the main factors determining whether someone goes to see a healthcare professional or not?

A
  • Culture
  • Visibility of symptoms
  • How much the symptoms disrupt life
  • Frequency and persistency of symptoms
  • Tolerance threshold
  • Own understanding of symptoms
  • Advice of friends/family
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7
Q

What is meant by ‘lay referral’?

A

When an ill person seeks the advice of a lay person before/instead of seeing a healthcare professional

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8
Q

What are the 3 main ways people respond to a diagnosis and susequent treatment?

A

1) Denial - refuse diagnosis and treatment
2) Accepting - fully adhere to treatment
3) Pragmatic - only comply when illness is bad (will not take preventative treatment)

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9
Q

What is the ultimate goal of health promotion?

A

Enable people to increase control over and improve their overall health, via social and environment interventions

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10
Q

What are the 7 principles of health promotion?

A

1) Empowering
2) Holistic (includes physical/social/mental/spiritual health)
3) Participatory
4) Intersectoral (not just health)
5) Equitable
6) Sustainable
7) Multi-strategy

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11
Q

What are the 5 main approaches of health promotion?

A

1) Medical/preventative ie immunisation/screening/rehab
2) Behaviour change ie persuasive campaign
3) Educational
4) Empowerment - provide people with the tools to implement change
5) Social change ie public smoking ban

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12
Q

What are the sociological criticisms of health promotion?

A
  • Too much surveillance, not enough self-empowerment
  • ‘Victim blaming’ - responsibility of illness is due to individual rather than environment
  • Privileges certain lifestyles
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13
Q

What dilemmas can result due to health promotion?

A
  • Interfering = ‘nanny state’ - removes personal choice
  • Victim-blaming
  • Dis-empowering - behaviour may not be due to ignorance but other social/environmental factor that they cannot change
  • Reinforce negative stereotypes
  • Unequal distribution of responsibility ie healthy-eating campaign targeted at women
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14
Q

What are the 3 types of health promotion evaluation?

A

1) Process - assess how it is being implemented
2) Impact - assess immediate impact
3) Outcome - assess long-term impact

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15
Q

What factors make it difficult to define whether a campaign resulted in an effect?

A
  • Lag time from intervention to effect
  • Many other factors could have contributed to effect
  • Evaluation is expensive
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16
Q

What type of health promotion is the ‘Dry January’ campaign?

A
  • Preventative
  • Educational
  • Empowering
  • Behaviour change
17
Q

What type of health promotion is the planned sugar tax?

A
  • Preventative
  • Behaviour change
  • Educational
  • Social change
18
Q

What are the possible dilemmas which will result due to the sugar tax?

A
  • Interfering ‘nanny state’

- Disempowering

19
Q

What are ‘PROMs’ and how do we use them?

A

Patient Reported Outcome Measures

Assess well-being from patients point of view to:

  • Improve clinical management of patients
  • Compare providers of services = improves quality of services
20
Q

Why use Patient Reported Outcomes?

A
  • Good measure of care management (important as chronic illness is increasing)
  • Allow patient-centred care - can address concerns
  • Alerts to iatrogenic effects of care
21
Q

What are the challenges of using PROMs?

A
  • Not always cost-effective
  • Lack of patient participation
  • Misuse
22
Q

What is ‘Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL)’?

A

The impact of health on someones life, taking into account:

  • Physical function
  • Symptoms
  • Psychological well-being
  • Social well-being
  • Cognitive functioning
  • Personal view (stigma/self-satisfaction)
  • Satisfaction with care
23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using qualitative methods to assess HRQoL?

A

Ad: Good at accessing wide range of information
Useful to inform further quantitative research

Disad: Expensive/resource hungry
Not easy to evaluate

24
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using generic quantitative methods to assess HRQoL?

A

Ad:

  • Good for broad range of problems
  • Enable comparisons
  • Good at detecting unexpected effects of interventions

Dis:

  • Less detailed, results may be too generic (compared to qualitative)
  • Less sensitive
25
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using specific quantitative methods to assess HRQoL?

A

Ad: Relevant information - specific
Sensitive

Disad: No good for people without the disease
Allows limited comparison