10 - Head & Neck - The Eye 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How does closed-angle glaucoma present?

A

Sudden onset of:

  • Painful red eye
  • Blurred vision/halos around objects
  • Fixed or semi-dilated, irregular, oval-shaped pupil
  • Nausea + vomiting
  • Eye is hard + tender on palpation
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2
Q

What is the treatment for closed-angle glaucoma?

A
  • Muscarinic agonist eye drops ie Pilocarpine

- Emergency ophthalmology referral

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3
Q

Name the 2 muscles which form the iris:

A

1) Sphincter pupillae

2) Dilator pupillae

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4
Q

Nerves from which ganglia innervate the muscles with the iris?

A
Parasympathetic = Ciliary ganglion > Sphincter pupillae muscle
Sympathetic = Superior cervical ganglion > Dilator pupillae muscle
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5
Q

The thickness of the lens is controlled by which nerve?

A

Parasympathetic fibres of CN III

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6
Q

What 3 factors make up the accomodation reflex? How do we test for this reflex clinically?

A

1) Convergence
2) Rounding of the lens
3) Pupil constriction

Direct + consensual pupillary light reflexes

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7
Q

If the ciliary muscle contracts, what happens to the shape of the lens? What type of vision does this allow?

A

It becomes more biconvex = rounder to allow near vision

- Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes relaxation of suspensory ligaments

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8
Q

Name the bands of dense connective tissue which give the eyelids their shape:

A

Tarsal plates

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9
Q

Where are the Meibomian glands located, and what type of secretions do they produce?

A

Tarsal plates of the eyelids,

Oily secretions to prevent evaporation of tears

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10
Q

Name the parts of the lacrimal apparatus:

A
  • Lacrimal glands
  • Lacrimal ducts
  • Lacrimal canaliculi
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11
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?

A

Inferior meatus of nasal cavity

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12
Q

Which muscle is responsible for closing the eye, and what nerve innervates it?

A

Orbicularis oculi

CN VII

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13
Q

Which muscle is responsible for opening the eye, and which nerve innervates it?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

CN III

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14
Q

Why does meningitis cause photophobia?

A

The optic nerve is wrapped in the 3 layers of the meninges, therefore if there is increased intracranial pressure, this will compress the optic nerve.

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15
Q

Name the artery which supplies the muscles and tissues in the eye:
Which branch of this artery supplies the retina?

A

Ophthalmic artery

Central artery to retina

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16
Q

The Ophthalmic artery is a branch of which artery?

A

Internal Carotid artery

17
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the muscles and tissues in the eye:

A
  • Ophthalmic veins
  • -> Cavernous sinus
  • –> Internal jugular vein
18
Q

How would a central retinal artery occlusion appear during a fundoscopy? What are the risk factors for this?

A

Cherry red spot on a light background

  • Atherosclerosis
  • High cholesterol
  • Increasing age
  • Dehydration
19
Q

Name the 6 muscles which control the movements of the eye:

A
  • Superior rectus
  • Superior oblique
  • Inferior rectus
  • Inferior oblique
  • Lateral rectus
  • Medial rectus
20
Q

Which nerve innervates most of the ocular muscles? What are the exceptions?

A

CN III except…

  • Lateral Rectus = CN VI
  • Superior oblique = CN IV

*LR6SO4

21
Q

Which muscle causes the eye to look downwards when it is in the medial position?

A

Superior oblique

22
Q

Which muscles allow us to look to our right?

A

Right eye = lateral rectus

Left eye = medial rectus

23
Q

Which muscles allow us to look up and right?

A
Right = superior rectus
Left = inferior oblique
24
Q

Which muscles allow us to look down and right?

A
Right = Inferior rectus
Left = Superior oblique
25
Q

Which muscles allow us to look straight up?

A

Both eyes: Inferior oblique + superior rectus

26
Q

If the inferior oblique is damaged, which eye movement cannot occur?

A

Look up and medial

27
Q

Why is it not possible to lose a contacts lens behind the eye?

A

If a contact lens become displaced from the cornea, it could not extend beyond the point of the conjunctival reflection, where if leaves the sclera and lines the eyelids

28
Q

During fundoscopy, which structure will always be on the nasal side, allowing you to orientate a picture?

A

Optic disc always on nasal side
- whiter structure from where the arteries arise

= BLIND SPOT

29
Q

Name the area of the retina which contains the photoreceptors for acuity of vision:

A

Macula lutea

fovea centralis is the central depression, the region for most acute vision

30
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

Swelling of the optic disc due to raised intracranial pressure