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ESA4 > 3 - Repro - Gamete development > Flashcards

3 - Repro - Gamete development Flashcards

1
Q

How do spermatogonia develop into sperm?

A
  • Divide by mitosis into Type A light spermatogonium
  • Mature into Type B cells
  • Undergo 64 mitotic divisions to produce primary spermatocytes
  • Divide via mitosis into secondary spermatocytes
  • Divide via mitosis into spermatids
  • Mature into sperm
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2
Q

Why are primary spermatocytes joined via cytoplasm bridges?

A

To allow simultaneous maturation

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3
Q

At what point do sperm become motile?

A

When reach epididymis

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4
Q

Approx how many sperm are released per ejaculation?

A

~ 350 million per ejaculation

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5
Q

What is the volume of a typical ejaculate?

A

~ 3-5ml

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6
Q

How many days does spermatogenesis take?

A

~ 70 days

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7
Q

How many spermatids can be yielded from one Type A ?

A

up to 256

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8
Q

Define spermatogenic cycle:

A

Time taken for the reappearance of the same stage of spermatogenesis within a given segment of seminiferous tubule ~ 16 days

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9
Q

Define spermatogenic wave:

A

The distance between the same stage in a seminiferous tubule. Waves move in corkscrew-like spirals towards the inner part of the lumen.

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10
Q

What is the role of the rete testis?

A
  • Concentrates sperm

- Moves sperm towards the epididymis

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11
Q

What is the role of the epididymis?

A
  • Stores sperm ~ 6-12 days

- Can phagocytose sperm

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12
Q

Approx how long is the epididymis (if stretched out)?

A

~ 4-6 m

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13
Q

Describe the epithelium of the epididymis:

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia with stereocilia

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14
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A
  • Propels sperm into the urethra for ejaculation
  • Can store sperm for ~ weeks
  • Can phagocytose sperm
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15
Q

What percentage of the ejaculate is secreted by the seminal vesicles?

A

~ 70%

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16
Q

Which nerve causes the peristaltic contraction of the smooth muscle of the prostate, vas deferens and seminal vesicles in ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic Hypogastric nerve (L1/2)

17
Q

What are the contents of the secretion from the seminal vesicles?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Clotting factors
  • Citrate
  • Fructose
  • Prostaglandins
18
Q

Why do sperm use fructose rather than glucose?

A

So they do not have to compete with bacteria for glucose

19
Q

Is the secretion from seminal vesicles acidic or alkaline?

A

Alkaline

20
Q

Which male reproductive glands secrete alkaline fluid contributing to the ejaculate?

A
  • Seminal vesicles

- Bulbourethral glands

21
Q

Which male reproductive glands secrete acidic fluid contributing to the ejaculate?

A

Prostate

22
Q

What percentage of the ejaculate is secreted by the prostate?

A

~ 25%

23
Q

What percentage of the ejaculate is secreted by the bulbourethral glands?

A

~ 5%

24
Q

What is the arterial supply to the prostate?

A

Inferior vesical artery (from internal iliac artery)

25
Q

What are the contents of the secretion from the prostate?

A
  • Proteolytic enzymes
  • Zinc
  • Acid phosphatase
  • PSA
  • Citric acid
26
Q

Which 3 glands make up the prostate?

A
  • Main gland
  • Submucosal gland
  • Mucosal gland
27
Q

Which gland secretes alkaline mucoproteins to lubricate and neutralise acidic urine in the urethra?

A

Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands

28
Q

Which male sex glands are located within the urogenital diaphragm?

A

Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands

29
Q

What is the final maturation step for sperm to become fertile? Where does it occur?

A

Sperm capacitation

In the female genital tract

30
Q

What is sperm capacitation?

A

Final stage to make sperm fertile, occurs in female genital tract:

  • Remove glycoproteins and cholesterol from head
  • Activate signalling pathways
  • Allow sperm to bind to the zona pellucida, and initiate acrosome reaction
31
Q

What is the epithelium of the ovaries?

A

Squamous epithelium (peritoneum)

32
Q

What area of the ovary contains nerves, blood vessels and stromal cells?

A

Medulla

33
Q

What area of the ovary contains developing germ cells?

A

Cortex

34
Q

Follicular cells (which surround the oocytes in the ovary) are derived from which cells?

A

Mesonephric cells

ESA4 (36 decks)

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