5 Bones And Cartilage Flashcards
Five types of connective tissue?
Bone, blood, cartilage, loose and dense connective tissue
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
What is the most abundant type of cartilage?
Hyaline
Where is hyaline cartilage not found?
Ears, epiglottis, intervertebral disks, meniscus of knee, pubic symphysis.
What does hyaline cartilage do?
Provides support through flexibility and resiliance
What is the function of fibre cartilage and where is it found?
Shock absorption
Found in intervertebral disks, knee meniscus, and pubic symphysis
What is fibrocartilage made of?
Thick collagen fibers
What is the function of elastic cartilage and where is it found?
Provides great flexibility. Found only in ears and epiglottis
What is elastic cartilage made of?
Highly branched elastic fibers
Where does cartilage get its flexibility and resilience?
From water and elastic fibers
How does cartilage get nutrients?
Diffusion. It is avascular.
What are the functions of cartilage?
Support soft tissues. Provide articulate surfaces in joints. Provides a model for endochondral bone formation.
What is the perichondrium?
Membrane which surrounds cartilaginous formations
What is the perichondrium made of?
Dense connective tissue
What is the purpose of the perichondrium?
Provides mechanical support and protection for cartilage
Where are chondrocytes found?
The lacunae of of cartilage
Where are condroblasts found and what do they do?
Under pericondrium and produce matrix of cartilage.
What is bone made of?
Extra cellular matrix calcified by calcium phosphate.
What are the different bone classifications?
Long, short, flat, irregular
What are long bones?
Longer than they are thick e.g. Appendicular bones: humerus radius ulna metacarpals phalanges femur tibia fibula metatarsals
What are short bones and what are three examples?
Wider than they are long. Examples: carpals, tarpans, sesamoid bones
What are flat bones and some examples
Bones that are flat e.g. Skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs
What bones are irregular?
Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxs, ethmoid, sphenoid
What is another name for compact born?
Cortical bone
What are other names for spongy bone?
Trabecular bone or cancellous bone
What is the basic unit of cortical bone?
An osteon, or the Haversian system
What are the canals that run the length of the osteon called?
The central canal or Haversian canal
What are concentric lamellar?
The concentric rings of osseous tissue that surround the osteon
What structures area embedded in the concentric lamellae and what is contained in them?
Lacuna and each lacuna contains an osteocytes.
What structure perforates the osteon perpendicularly to its axis?
Perforating canals or Volkmann’s canals
What structures allow the osteocytes to receive nutrient from the central canal?
Canaliculi, arms of the osteocytes which connect neighboring lacuna
What is the functional unit of trabecular, cancellous, or spongy bone?
Trabeculae
What is the name of the structure homologous to concentric lamellae in trabeculae?
Parallel lamellae
What is the end of a long bone called?
Epiphysis
What is the middle called?
Diaphysis
What is the area that includes the epiphyseal plate/line
Metaphysis
What is the covering on a bone called?
Periosteum
What connects the periosteum to the bone?
Perforating fibers
What is the central cavity of bone called?
The medullary cavity
What is the one cell thick covering on the trabeculae in the medullary cavity?
Endosteum
What does an osteoclast do?
Consume bone with hydrochloric acid and lysosomes. As a result, increase blood calcium levels.
What are the two types of ossification?
Intramembranous and endochondral
What is Intramembranous ossification?
Bone growth within a membrane
What bones are formed via Intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of skull, facial bones, mandible, and clavicle.
What is endochondral ossification?
Bone growth within cartilage where fetal framework of hyalin cartilage is turned into bone.
What bones are formed via endochondral ossification?
Everything except the head bones and clavicle.
Where does primary bone growth begin in endochondral ossification? What about secondary?
Primary in diaphysis. Secondary in epiphysis.
What are the two dimensions of bone growth?
Interstitial (length)
Appositional (thickness)
What is osteomalacia and what is its other name?
It is a vitamin D deficiency that leads to a dearth of calcium in bones and a resultant softening. Also called Ricket’s disease.
What is osteoporosis
Excessive osteoclast activity.
What is osteitis deformans and what is its other name?
Excessive osteoclast/osteoblast activity which causes abnormal thickening and thinning of bone. Also called paget’s disease. Common in os coxa, skull, vertebrae, femur, and tibia
