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Anatomy > 5 Bones And Cartilage > Flashcards

5 Bones And Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Five types of connective tissue?

A

Bone, blood, cartilage, loose and dense connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

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3
Q

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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4
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage not found?

A

Ears, epiglottis, intervertebral disks, meniscus of knee, pubic symphysis.

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5
Q

What does hyaline cartilage do?

A

Provides support through flexibility and resiliance

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6
Q

What is the function of fibre cartilage and where is it found?

A

Shock absorption

Found in intervertebral disks, knee meniscus, and pubic symphysis

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7
Q

What is fibrocartilage made of?

A

Thick collagen fibers

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8
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage and where is it found?

A

Provides great flexibility. Found only in ears and epiglottis

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9
Q

What is elastic cartilage made of?

A

Highly branched elastic fibers

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10
Q

Where does cartilage get its flexibility and resilience?

A

From water and elastic fibers

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11
Q

How does cartilage get nutrients?

A

Diffusion. It is avascular.

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12
Q

What are the functions of cartilage?

A

Support soft tissues. Provide articulate surfaces in joints. Provides a model for endochondral bone formation.

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13
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Membrane which surrounds cartilaginous formations

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14
Q

What is the perichondrium made of?

A

Dense connective tissue

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the perichondrium?

A

Provides mechanical support and protection for cartilage

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16
Q

Where are chondrocytes found?

A

The lacunae of of cartilage

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17
Q

Where are condroblasts found and what do they do?

A

Under pericondrium and produce matrix of cartilage.

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18
Q

What is bone made of?

A

Extra cellular matrix calcified by calcium phosphate.

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19
Q

What are the different bone classifications?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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20
Q

What are long bones?

A

Longer than they are thick e.g. Appendicular bones: humerus radius ulna metacarpals phalanges femur tibia fibula metatarsals

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21
Q

What are short bones and what are three examples?

A

Wider than they are long. Examples: carpals, tarpans, sesamoid bones

22
Q

What are flat bones and some examples

A

Bones that are flat e.g. Skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

23
Q

What bones are irregular?

A

Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxs, ethmoid, sphenoid

24
Q

What is another name for compact born?

A

Cortical bone

25
Q

What are other names for spongy bone?

A

Trabecular bone or cancellous bone

26
Q

What is the basic unit of cortical bone?

A

An osteon, or the Haversian system

27
Q

What are the canals that run the length of the osteon called?

A

The central canal or Haversian canal

28
Q

What are concentric lamellar?

A

The concentric rings of osseous tissue that surround the osteon

29
Q

What structures area embedded in the concentric lamellae and what is contained in them?

A

Lacuna and each lacuna contains an osteocytes.

30
Q

What structure perforates the osteon perpendicularly to its axis?

A

Perforating canals or Volkmann’s canals

31
Q

What structures allow the osteocytes to receive nutrient from the central canal?

A

Canaliculi, arms of the osteocytes which connect neighboring lacuna

32
Q

What is the functional unit of trabecular, cancellous, or spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae

33
Q

What is the name of the structure homologous to concentric lamellae in trabeculae?

A

Parallel lamellae

34
Q

What is the end of a long bone called?

A

Epiphysis

35
Q

What is the middle called?

A

Diaphysis

36
Q

What is the area that includes the epiphyseal plate/line

A

Metaphysis

37
Q

What is the covering on a bone called?

A

Periosteum

38
Q

What connects the periosteum to the bone?

A

Perforating fibers

39
Q

What is the central cavity of bone called?

A

The medullary cavity

40
Q

What is the one cell thick covering on the trabeculae in the medullary cavity?

A

Endosteum

41
Q

What does an osteoclast do?

A

Consume bone with hydrochloric acid and lysosomes. As a result, increase blood calcium levels.

42
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous and endochondral

43
Q

What is Intramembranous ossification?

A

Bone growth within a membrane

44
Q

What bones are formed via Intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of skull, facial bones, mandible, and clavicle.

45
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Bone growth within cartilage where fetal framework of hyalin cartilage is turned into bone.

46
Q

What bones are formed via endochondral ossification?

A

Everything except the head bones and clavicle.

47
Q

Where does primary bone growth begin in endochondral ossification? What about secondary?

A

Primary in diaphysis. Secondary in epiphysis.

48
Q

What are the two dimensions of bone growth?

A

Interstitial (length)

Appositional (thickness)

49
Q

What is osteomalacia and what is its other name?

A

It is a vitamin D deficiency that leads to a dearth of calcium in bones and a resultant softening. Also called Ricket’s disease.

50
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

Excessive osteoclast activity.

51
Q

What is osteitis deformans and what is its other name?

A

Excessive osteoclast/osteoblast activity which causes abnormal thickening and thinning of bone. Also called paget’s disease. Common in os coxa, skull, vertebrae, femur, and tibia

Anatomy (27 decks)

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