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Anatomy > 11 The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

11 The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the brain during the fourth week of embryonic brain development from anterior to posterior?

A

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon, spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the areas of the brain in the fifth week of development from anterior to posterior?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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3
Q

What secondary brain vesicles derive from the prosencephalon?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon

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4
Q

What adult brain structures derive from the telencephalon?

A

Cerebrum and lateral ventricles

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5
Q

What adult brain structures derive from the diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and third ventricle

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6
Q

What secondary brain vesicles derive from the mesencephalon?

A

Mesencephalon

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7
Q

What adult brain structures derive from mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain (cerebral peduncles, corpora quadrigemina) mesencephalic aqueduct

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8
Q

What secondary brain vesicles derive from rhombencephalon?

A

The metencephalon and the myelencephalon

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9
Q

What adult brain structures derive from the metencephalon?

A

Pons and cerebellum. Anterior part of fourth ventricle.

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10
Q

What adult brain structures derive from the myelencephalon?

A

The medulla oblongate and the posterior part of the fourth ventricle

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11
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Connective tissue layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

What are the three meninges that surround the CNS?

A

The dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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13
Q

What are the functions of the meninges?

A

Separate brain from skull. Enclose brain and protect blood vessels supplying the brain. Contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

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14
Q

Name the ventricles of the brain.

A

Lateral ventricles
Septum pellucidum
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle

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15
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

In the choroid plexus by the ependymal cells.

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16
Q

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Buoyancy– reduces brain weight by 95%
Protection– liquid cushion
Environmental stability– transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and removes waste.

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17
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Excessive cerebrospinal fluid flaking the ventricles and brain case.

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18
Q

What is hydrocephalus caused by and how is it treated?

A

Obstruction of CSF flow and intrinsic problems with arachnoid villi which drain CSF. Treated with ventriculoperitoneal shunts or endoscopic third ventriculostomy.

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19
Q

What is the location of conscious thought processes?

A

The cerebrum

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20
Q

What structure connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

What type of structure is this?

A

The corpus callosum

Commissural tract

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21
Q

What type of brain matter is superficial on the cerebral cortex?

A

Grey matter

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22
Q

What makes up gray matter?

A

neuron cell bodies

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23
Q

What type of brain matter is deep in the cerebrum?

A

White matter

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24
Q

What makes up white matter?

A

Myelinated sheaths of axons.

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25
Q

What functions occur in the frontal lobe?

A

Decision making, personality, verbal communication, voluntary motor control of skeleton msucles

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26
Q

What functions occur in the parietal lobe?

A

Sensory interpretations of textures and shapes, understanding speech

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27
Q

What functions occur in the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory and olfactory experience

28
Q

What functions occur in the occipital lobe?

A

Visual interpretation

29
Q

What functions occur in the insula lobe?

A

Taste and memory

30
Q

What are the functional areas of the cerebrum?

A

Pre-central gyrus, post-central gyrus, and association areas

31
Q

What functions occur in the Pre-central gyrus?

A

Somatic motor control, contains primary motor cortex

32
Q

What functions are located in post-central gyrus?

A

Contains somatosensory cortex. Somatic sensory control.

33
Q

What is a homunculus?

A

A map of motor and sensory cortexes of the brain.

34
Q

What are association tracts?

A

Areas that connect different parts of the same brain hemisphere

35
Q

What are commissural tracts?

A

Areas that connect different hemispheres e.g. Corpus callosum

36
Q

What are projection tracts?

A

Vertical areas that convey sensory and motor information.

37
Q

What structures make up the diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus

38
Q

What kind of matter primarily makes up the diencephalon?

A

Gray matter

39
Q

What structures make up the epithalamus?

A

Posterior roof of diencephalon and top of third ventricle. Habenular nuclei and pineal gland.

40
Q

What are the functions of the habenular nuclei?

A

Relay signals from the limbic system, help in the visceral and emotional responses to odors

41
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythms

42
Q

What is the location of the thalamus?

A

Either side of the third ventricle

43
Q

What is the thalamus’s function?

A

It serves a the principle rely point for sensory and motor information into cerebrum

44
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Effects and controls behavior, endocrine system, emotion, temperature control, sleep/wake cycles, hunger/ thirst, autonomic body control, and memory.

45
Q

What structures are associated with the hypothalamus?

A

The infundibulum and the pituitary gland

46
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Smoothes and coordinates body movements via information on equilibriums and posture, information on current movements, and proprioception.

47
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The perception of your body parts’ spacial relations to each other.

48
Q

What structures are associated with the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar hemispheres, arbor vitae, and vermis

49
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

The “primitive brain.” the bidirectional passageway between cerebrum and spinal cord.

50
Q

What functions occur in the brain stem?

A

Autonomic and reflex centers essential for survival

51
Q

What structures are part of the brain stem?

A

Mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata

52
Q

What is the medulla oblongata and what functions occur there?

A

Vasomotor center. Controls blood pressure through vasoconstrictions and vasodilation. Cardiac and respiratory center. Reflexes, coughing, sneezing, gagging, and vomiting.

53
Q

What structures attach at the medulla oblongata?

A

The cranial nerves.

54
Q

What is the limbic system and what functions is it associated with?

A

The “emotional brain”. Involved in memory, motivation, and energy

55
Q

What structures are associated with the limbic system?

A

Cingulate gurus, fornix, anterior thalamic nucleus, septal nucleus, mammillary body, hippocampus, amygdaloid body, parahippocompal gyrus, olfactory tract, and olfactory bulb.

56
Q

Where is gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

Deep.

57
Q

Where is white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Superficial

58
Q

What spinal cord structures are made up of gray matter?

A

Central canal, anterior, lateral, and posterior horns.

59
Q

What spinal cord structures are made up of white matter?

A

Anterior, lateral, and posterior funiculi

60
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Progressive degenerative disease of the brain.

61
Q

What is the result and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

A

Results in dementia. Symptoms are memory loss, depression, disorientation

62
Q

What are the causes of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Thought to be neurofibrillary tangles, the build up of amyloid precursor proteins, aka senile plaques.

63
Q

What functions does Parkinson’s disease affect?

A

Affects muscle movement and balance

64
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Stiff posture, expressionless face, slow movements, resting tremor, shuffling gait.

65
Q

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

A

Deficiency of neurotransmitter dopamine.

Anatomy (27 decks)

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