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anatomy > 10 Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

10 Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two structural categories of the central nervous system?

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What are the components of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the structures that make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia

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4
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

A

12

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5
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

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6
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Neuron cell bodies

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7
Q

What structural division do nerves coming off of the spinal cord belong to?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

What direction are nerves impulses conducted on the afferent system traveling?

A

From a nervous receptor toward the central nervous system

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9
Q

What direction are nerve impulses conducted on the efferent system traveling?

A

Toward muscles or other effectors from the central nervous system.

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10
Q

What are the two functional divisions of the sensory afferent nervous system?

A

Somatic and visceral sensory

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11
Q

What functional divisions is the motor efferent nervous system divided into?

A

Somatic motor and autonomic motor

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12
Q

What at the functional divisions of the autonomic motor nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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13
Q

What are glial cells?

A

All of the cells that surround, support, and protect neurons

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14
Q

What aree neurons?

A

Excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses.

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15
Q

What are the cellular characteristics of neurons?

A 
High metabolic rate (and thus constant need for glucose and oxygen)
Extreme longevity (can live and function for over 100 years)
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16
Q

What is a primary tumor?

A

A tumor which originates in the brain

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17
Q

What do you call a tumor that derives from a neuron?

A

Trick question! You don’t! Neurons are incapable of cell division and therefore do not become tumors.

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18
Q

Where do tumors usually form in the brain?

A

From glial cells or meninges.

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19
Q

What is a secondary tumor?

A

One that originates somewhere else and then migrates to the brain. Look up teratomas!

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20
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Carry nerve impulses towards the cell body

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21
Q

How may dendrites can attach to the cell body, or soma, of a single neuron?

A

Many, or just one

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22
Q

What is another name for a neuron cell body?

A

A soma

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23
Q

What is the soma?

A

Neuron control center

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24
Q

What structures are contained within a soma?

A

Neuron’s nucleus and organelles

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25
Q

What “matter” do neural somas comprise?

A

Cerebral gray matter

26
Q

What are the nerve clusters in the PNS called and what makes them up?

A

Ganglia and they are made of cell body clusters

27
Q

What are bundles of soma called in the CNS?

A

Nuclei

28
Q

How many axons do most neurons have?

A

One axon

29
Q

What direction do axons carry nerve impulses?

A

Away from the cell body to another cell

30
Q

What structures terminate the branched ends of neural axons?

A

Synaptic knobs

31
Q

What are the different neuron classifications?

A

Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

32
Q

What are an example of unipolar neurons?

A

Sensory neurons

33
Q

Where do bipolar neurons occur?

A

Only in special senses (retina of eye and epithelium of nose). Very rare in humans.

34
Q

Where are multipolar neurons found?

A

Motor neurons. Interneurons. Most common type of neuron.

35
Q

What are the functional classifications of neurons?

A

Sensory afferent, motor efferent, interneurons

36
Q

What are the various types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglial cells, oligodendrocytes, satellite cells, and neurolemmocytes.

37
Q

What are the functions of Astrocytes and where are they found?

A

Found in CNS. form blood-brain barrier. Regulate ionic environment.

38
Q

What are the functions of ependymal cells and where are they found?

A

Make cerebral-spinal fluid and are found in the choroid plexus lining the ventricles of the brain.

39
Q

What is the function of microglial cells and where are they found?

A

Macrophages of CNS. Found there

40
Q

What is the function of oligodendrytes and where are they found?

A

Each cell myelinates multiple axons in CNS. Found ONLY IN CNS.

41
Q

What is the function of satellite cells and where are they found?

A

Protects cell bodies and regulates nutrients they receive in ganglia. Found in dorsal root ganglia of PNS.

42
Q

Where are neurolemmocytes found, what is their function, and what is their other name?

A

Found in PNS. Myelinate axons, ONLY IN PNS. Also called Schwann cells.

43
Q

What make the myelin sheaths in CNS? PNS?

A

CNS: oligodendrytes
PNS: neurolemmocytes

44
Q

What are myelin sheaths composed of?

A

Primarily composed of fats/lipids

45
Q

What is the function of myelin sheaths?

A

protects, supports, and insulates, improving speed of conduction

46
Q

What are the nodes of the myelin sheaths called and what occurs there?

A

Neurofibrils or nodes of Rainer. Nerve impulses can jump a between them.

47
Q

What are the three connective tissue wrappings of a nerve and what does each enclose?

A

Deepest, endoneurium, enclosing an individual axon
Next, perineurium, surrounding a bundle of axons
Most superficial, epineurium, surrounding several perineurium packets.

48
Q

What are synapses?

A

Sites at which neurons communicate with other neurons, glands, or muscles.

49
Q

What are the structure that make up a synapse?

A

Presynaptic neuron, which contains presynaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters
The synaptic cleft, into which neurotransmitters are released
The postsynaptic neuron, on which are receptor proteins that receive neurotransmitters released from synaptic vesicles.

50
Q

Can axons regenerate in PNS?

A

Yes, if only minor damage has occurred. Though, nerves cannot generally regenerate. Future treatments with stem cells seem promising, though.

51
Q

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

A

Progressive degeneration of somatic motor neurons. Eventually causes death after atrophying of muscles of respiration.

52
Q

What kind of diseases is multiple sclerosis?

A

Autoimmune disease.

53
Q

What tissue is effected in MS?

A

Myelin sheaths of axons in CNS gradually destroyed and restored, causing scarring that effects nerve function.

54
Q

What percentage of the population is effected?

A

1 out of every 1000 people.

55
Q

What are the symptoms of MS?

A

Weakness, blindness, and clumsiness

56
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Disorder of cranial end of neural tube during development, resulting in partial or complete absence of brain. Only brain stem forms. Death results a few hours after birth.

57
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Disorder in caudal end of neural tube during development where vertebral arch is not fully formed. Many degrees.

58
Q

What is the innocuous form of spina bifida called?

A

Spina bifida occulta

59
Q

What is the most serious form of spina bifida called?

A

Spina bifida cystica

60
Q

What can be done to reduce the incidence of spina bifida?

A

Vitamin b12 and frolic acid supplements provided to mother

anatomy (27 decks)

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