13 General and Special Senses Flashcards
What are the two classes of sensory receptors?
General and Special
What senses are classified as general?
Temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure
What senses are considered special?
gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition
What do chemoreceptors detect and what are examples of senses that use chemoreceptors?
The detect certain chemical molecules, e.g. taste and smell
What are Thermoreceptors and what sense use them?
receptors which detect changes in temperature, e.g. touch
What are Photoreceptors and what sense take advantage of them?
Receptors which detect light used by vision
What are mechanoreceptors and which senses use them?
Receptors which detect mechanical changes like touch, vibration, and stretch. Hearing and balance use these, also proprioceptors which detect the position and relative contraction of muscles
What are baroreceptors and what senses use them?
Receptors which detect the change of blood pressure within a structure
What are Nociceptors?
Receptors which detect pain
What is the most numerous type of receptor in the body?
tactile receptor
what class of receptors are tactile receptors?
mechanoreceptors
Where are they located?
in the Dermis and hypodermis
What type of sensory receptor is used to detect taste?
Chemoreceptors
What structures have taste receptors on them?
tongue, posterior palate, cheeks, pharynx, and epiglottis.
What are the bumps on your tongue and are they taste buds?
They are papillae and no, they are not taste buds, though they may have taste buds on them.
What are the different types of lingual papillae?
Filiform, fungiform, (circum)vallate, foliate
Where are filiform papillae found and do they have taste buds?
anterior 2/3 of tongue; no taste buds
Where are fungiform papillae found and do they have taste buds?
found on tip and sides of tungue, only a few taste buds.
where are vallate papillae found and do they have taste buds?
Back of the tongue, largest, least numerous type with the highest density of taste buds.
Where are foliate papillae found and do they have taste buds?
Lateral lingual surface, taste buds, used only during infancy and early childhood.
What type of cells make up a taste bud?
Gustatory cells, supporting cells, and basal cells
What structures are present on the tips of gustatory cells?
Gustatory microvillae aka taste hair
How long do gustatory cells live?
7-10 days
What is the purpose of supporting cells?
Insulate gustatory cells from each other and surround epithelium.
What do basal cells do?
Mature into the other two types of cells present in taste buds
At what age does our ability to disciminate tastes begin to fail?
age 50.
What are the five flavors that can be detected by the tongue?
Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, savory (umami)f
What are the nerves involved in the gustatory sense?
Facial nerve (VII), which provides gustatory sense to the anterior 2/3 of tongue, and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), which provides this sense to the posterior 1/3
What cell types are involved in olfaction?
Olfactory neurons, supporting cells, basal cells
Through what structure do olfactory neurons conduct olfactory signals? What type of nuerons receive them in what adjoining structure?
olfactory neurons go through cribriform foramina to conduct olfactory signal to projection neurons in olfactory bulb
What type of neuron are olfactory cells/neurons? What is the name of the chemoreceptor structures on the ends of these neurons?
Olfactory neurons are bipolar neurons. Olfactory hairs are the distal chemoreceptive structures on the distal ends of the dendrites of olfactory cells.
What is the conjunctiva and what is its purpose?
It is the superficial covering over the eye that closes off the optic tract from foreign objects
What is the fancy name for the eyelid?
Palpebra
Where are lacrimal glands found
Superior and lateral to the eye–keeps eye lubricated and clean
What fluids fill anterior and posterior chambers of the eye?
aqueous humor
What fluid fills the vitreous chamber of the eye?
Vitreous humor
Where is the anterior chamber located?
Anterior to iris
Where is posterior chamber?
Posterior to iris, surrounding lens
What are cataracts?
When the lens of the eye begins to become opaque, causing blindness.
What are the causes of cataracts?
aging, diabetes, UV exposure, glaucoma, eye infections.
What are the fibrous tunics that surround the eye?
sclera and cornea
What are the vascular tunics of the eye?
Choroid and cilliary body and cilliary zonules/suspensory ligaments
What are the structures that hold up the lens of the eye?
cilliary zonlues/suspensory ligaments
What structures make up the neural tunic?
retina
What type of sensory receptors are present on the retina and what two types are there
two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones
What spectrum of light do rods detect?
Black and white (just intensity of light) and function mostly in dim light
How many rods are there in your eye?
100 million
What spectrum of light do cones detect? How many per eye?
Detect color, operate best in bright light and provide high acuity color vision ~100 million per eye.
What are the regions of the retine?
Macula Lutea
Fovea centralis
Optic disc
What is the macula lutea?
Area surrounding fovea centralis that contains mostly cones
What is the fovea centralis?
Central area of eye contains only cones and maximal visual acuity
Where is the optic disc and what is it?
area slightly lateral where axons converge to leave eye. Blind spot.
What is emmetropia?
normal vision
What is hyperopia?
Far-sightedness. Eyeball is too short so near objects are blurry.
What is myopia?
Near-sightedness. Eyeball is too long so far objects are blurry.
From what brain structure does the eye grow?
dienchephalon
What structures are part of the external ear?
Auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane
What structures are part of the middle ear?
Auditory ausicles (stapes, incus, and malleus), tympanic cavity, oval window, round window, and auditory tube
What structures are part of the inner ear?
Vestibule, cochlea, petrous part
What are the glands that produce ear wax and what is the other name of ear wax?
Cerumen = ear wax. Ceruminous glands produce cerumen
What are the muscles which attach to tympanic membrane?
tensor tympani and stapedius
What are the sack like structures associated with the Vestibule that detect acceleration and deceleration and help maintain equilibrium?
Utricles and saccules
What do the semicircular canals do?
Detect rotational movements and help sense equilibrium
What cochlear structure contains perilymph?
Scala tympani and scala vestibuli
What cochlear structure contains endolymph?
Cochlear duct
Through what window does sound enter the inner ear?
the oval (or vestibular) window
Through what aperture do sound waves leave the cochlea?
Through the round or cochlear window
What nerve receives auditory signals?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (XIII)
What is otitis media?
An ear infection
When is otitis media most common? and why?
In childhood because auditory tubes are horizontal
