13 General and Special Senses

Question 1

What are the two classes of sensory receptors?

Answer 1

General and Special

Question 2

What senses are classified as general?

Answer 2

Temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure

Question 3

What senses are considered special?

Answer 3

gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition

Question 4

What do chemoreceptors detect and what are examples of senses that use chemoreceptors?

Answer 4

The detect certain chemical molecules, e.g. taste and smell

Question 5

What are Thermoreceptors and what sense use them?

Answer 5

receptors which detect changes in temperature, e.g. touch

Question 6

What are Photoreceptors and what sense take advantage of them?

Answer 6

Receptors which detect light used by vision

Question 7

What are mechanoreceptors and which senses use them?

Answer 7

Receptors which detect mechanical changes like touch, vibration, and stretch. Hearing and balance use these, also proprioceptors which detect the position and relative contraction of muscles

Question 8

What are baroreceptors and what senses use them?

Answer 8

Receptors which detect the change of blood pressure within a structure

Question 9

What are Nociceptors?

Answer 9

Receptors which detect pain

Question 10

What is the most numerous type of receptor in the body?

Answer 10

tactile receptor

Question 11

what class of receptors are tactile receptors?

Answer 11

mechanoreceptors

Question 12

Where are they located?

Answer 12

in the Dermis and hypodermis

Question 13

What type of sensory receptor is used to detect taste?

Answer 13

Chemoreceptors

Question 14

What structures have taste receptors on them?

Answer 14

tongue, posterior palate, cheeks, pharynx, and epiglottis.

Question 15

What are the bumps on your tongue and are they taste buds?

Answer 15

They are papillae and no, they are not taste buds, though they may have taste buds on them.

Question 16

What are the different types of lingual papillae?

Answer 16

Filiform, fungiform, (circum)vallate, foliate

Question 17

Where are filiform papillae found and do they have taste buds?

Answer 17

anterior 2/3 of tongue; no taste buds

Question 18

Where are fungiform papillae found and do they have taste buds?

Answer 18

found on tip and sides of tungue, only a few taste buds.

Question 19

where are vallate papillae found and do they have taste buds?

Answer 19

Back of the tongue, largest, least numerous type with the highest density of taste buds.

Question 20

Where are foliate papillae found and do they have taste buds?

Answer 20

Lateral lingual surface, taste buds, used only during infancy and early childhood.

Question 21

What type of cells make up a taste bud?

Answer 21

Gustatory cells, supporting cells, and basal cells

Question 22

What structures are present on the tips of gustatory cells?

Answer 22

Gustatory microvillae aka taste hair

Question 23

How long do gustatory cells live?

Answer 23

7-10 days

Question 24

What is the purpose of supporting cells?

Answer 24

Insulate gustatory cells from each other and surround epithelium.

Question 25

What do basal cells do?

Answer 25

Mature into the other two types of cells present in taste buds

Question 26

At what age does our ability to disciminate tastes begin to fail?

Answer 26

age 50.

Question 27

What are the five flavors that can be detected by the tongue?

Answer 27

Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, savory (umami)f

Question 28

What are the nerves involved in the gustatory sense?

Answer 28

Facial nerve (VII), which provides gustatory sense to the anterior 2/3 of tongue, and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), which provides this sense to the posterior 1/3

Question 29

What cell types are involved in olfaction?

Answer 29

Olfactory neurons, supporting cells, basal cells

Question 30

Through what structure do olfactory neurons conduct olfactory signals? What type of nuerons receive them in what adjoining structure?

Answer 30

olfactory neurons go through cribriform foramina to conduct olfactory signal to projection neurons in olfactory bulb

Question 31

What type of neuron are olfactory cells/neurons? What is the name of the chemoreceptor structures on the ends of these neurons?

Answer 31

Olfactory neurons are bipolar neurons. Olfactory hairs are the distal chemoreceptive structures on the distal ends of the dendrites of olfactory cells.

Question 32

What is the conjunctiva and what is its purpose?

Answer 32

It is the superficial covering over the eye that closes off the optic tract from foreign objects

Question 33

What is the fancy name for the eyelid?

Answer 33

Palpebra

Question 34

Where are lacrimal glands found

Answer 34

Superior and lateral to the eye--keeps eye lubricated and clean

Question 35

What fluids fill anterior and posterior chambers of the eye?

Answer 35

aqueous humor

Question 36

What fluid fills the vitreous chamber of the eye?

Answer 36

Vitreous humor

Question 37

Where is the anterior chamber located?

Answer 37

Anterior to iris

Question 38

Where is posterior chamber?

Answer 38

Posterior to iris, surrounding lens

Question 39

What are cataracts?

Answer 39

When the lens of the eye begins to become opaque, causing blindness.

Question 40

What are the causes of cataracts?

Answer 40

aging, diabetes, UV exposure, glaucoma, eye infections.

Question 41

What are the fibrous tunics that surround the eye?

Answer 41

sclera and cornea

Question 42

What are the vascular tunics of the eye?

Answer 42

Choroid and cilliary body and cilliary zonules/suspensory ligaments

Question 43

What are the structures that hold up the lens of the eye?

Answer 43

cilliary zonlues/suspensory ligaments

Question 44

What structures make up the neural tunic?

Answer 44

retina

Question 45

What type of sensory receptors are present on the retina and what two types are there

Answer 45

two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones

Question 46

What spectrum of light do rods detect?

Answer 46

Black and white (just intensity of light) and function mostly in dim light

Question 47

How many rods are there in your eye?

Answer 47

100 million

Question 48

What spectrum of light do cones detect? How many per eye?

Answer 48

Detect color, operate best in bright light and provide high acuity color vision ~100 million per eye.

Question 49

What are the regions of the retine?

Answer 49

Macula Lutea Fovea centralis Optic disc

Question 50

What is the macula lutea?

Answer 50

Area surrounding fovea centralis that contains mostly cones

Question 51

What is the fovea centralis?

Answer 51

Central area of eye contains only cones and maximal visual acuity

Question 52

Where is the optic disc and what is it?

Answer 52

area slightly lateral where axons converge to leave eye. Blind spot.

Question 53

What is emmetropia?

Answer 53

normal vision

Question 54

What is hyperopia?

Answer 54

Far-sightedness. Eyeball is too short so near objects are blurry.

Question 55

What is myopia?

Answer 55

Near-sightedness. Eyeball is too long so far objects are blurry.

Question 56

From what brain structure does the eye grow?

Answer 56

dienchephalon

Question 57

What structures are part of the external ear?

Answer 57

Auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane

Question 58

What structures are part of the middle ear?

Answer 58

Auditory ausicles (stapes, incus, and malleus), tympanic cavity, oval window, round window, and auditory tube

Question 59

What structures are part of the inner ear?

Answer 59

Vestibule, cochlea, petrous part

Question 60

What are the glands that produce ear wax and what is the other name of ear wax?

Answer 60

Cerumen = ear wax. Ceruminous glands produce cerumen

Question 61

What are the muscles which attach to tympanic membrane?

Answer 61

tensor tympani and stapedius

Question 62

What are the sack like structures associated with the Vestibule that detect acceleration and deceleration and help maintain equilibrium?

Answer 62

Utricles and saccules

Question 63

What do the semicircular canals do?

Answer 63

Detect rotational movements and help sense equilibrium

Question 64

What cochlear structure contains perilymph?

Answer 64

Scala tympani and scala vestibuli

Question 65

What cochlear structure contains endolymph?

Answer 65

Cochlear duct

Question 66

Through what window does sound enter the inner ear?

Answer 66

the oval (or vestibular) window

Question 67

Through what aperture do sound waves leave the cochlea?

Answer 67

Through the round or cochlear window

Question 68

What nerve receives auditory signals?

Answer 68

Vestibulocochlear nerve (XIII)

Question 69

What is otitis media?

Answer 69

An ear infection

Question 70

When is otitis media most common? and why?

Answer 70

In childhood because auditory tubes are horizontal