4 Integumentary System

Question 1

What structures make up the integumentary system?

Answer 1

Skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Question 2

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 2

Protection, prevention of water loss, temperature regulation, metabolic regulation, immune defense, sensory reception, excretion.

Question 3

What are the skin regions and their characterisics?

Answer 3

Epidermis, composed of epithelial tissue and avascular
Dermis, composed of connective tissue and vascular
Hypodermis, NOT PART OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM connective tissue and vascular

Question 4

What is the histological description of the epidermis?

Answer 4

Keratinization stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

What are the layers of the epidermis?

Answer 5

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (present only in thickened skin)
Stratum granulosum (containing keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, and tactile cells)
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

Question 6

What cell types are present in the epidermis?

Answer 6

Keratinocytes, the most common and responsible for the production of supporting and strengthening keratin
Epidermal dendritic cells aka langerhans cells, macrophages from immune response, present in stratum spinosum
Tactile cells, aka merkel cells present in basale
Melanocytes, present in basale

Question 7

What three pigments control skin color

Answer 7

Hemoglobin, melanin, and carotene

Question 8

What are the various skin markings?

Answer 8

Moles, freckles, Hemangiomas, and friction ridges

Question 9

What area the two layers of the dermis and what type of connective tissue make them up?

Answer 9

Papillary layer superficial to reticular layer. Papillary layer is composed of dermal papillae which articulate with epidermal ridges on the epidermis. This layer is formed with areolar CT. Reticular layer is deep. Composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

Question 10

What are striae?

Answer 10

Also called stretch marks, they are simple torn collagen that appears when skin is stretched too quickly.

Question 11

What are cleavage lines?

Answer 11

Lines parallel to the orientation of the lengths of the collagen fibers in the skin.

Question 12

What types of tissue make up the hypodermis?

Answer 12

Areolar and adipose connective tissue

Question 13

What is the function of the hypodermis?

Answer 13

Anchors skin to underlying structures. Allows skin to slide freely. Thicker in women than in men. NOTE: Not part of the integuement.

Question 14

What tissue type is the stratum spinosum and what special toes of cells are present there?

Answer 14

Stratified squamous. Epidermal dendritic cells.

Question 15

What tissue type is the tratum basale and what special cell types are present?

Answer 15

Stratified squamous. Melanocytes and tactile/merkel cells.

Question 16

Where does the nail grow from?

Answer 16

Keratinized epidermal modification grows from nail matrix

Question 17

What is the structure the nail sits on?

Answer 17

The nail plate

Question 18

Where do you not grow hair?

Answer 18

Palms of hands, soles, lips, sides of fingers and toes, and parts of external genitalia.

Question 19

What are the functions of hair?

Answer 19

Protection from sun, sensation of touch, and reduction of heat loss

Question 20

What are the three types of hair and where are they found?

Answer 20

Lanugo–fine downy hair on the fetus
Vellus–fine hair on the arms and legs
Terminal–coarse hair on the head and in pubic region; also men’s facial hair.

Question 21

What is the clinical terms for baldness?

Answer 21

Alopecia

Question 22

Types of exocrine glands

Answer 22

Sebaceous, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, which can be divided into two classes: merocrine/eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands

Question 23

What substance doi sebaceous glands produce and where aware they not found on the body?

Answer 23

They produce sebum and are found everywhere except palms and soles of feet.

Question 24

What excretion method is employed by sebaceous glands?

Answer 24

Holocrine secretion.

Question 25

What is the other name for merocrine sweat glands and what do they produce?

Answer 25

Eccrine sweat glands and they produce watery sweat or sensible perspiration.

Question 26

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

Answer 26

Axillary, pubic, perineal, and nipple regions.

Question 27

What are the three types of skin cancer?

Answer 27

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.

Question 28

What are the attributes of basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 28

Most common type of skin cancer and the least dangerous. Originates in stratum basale.

Question 29

Where does squamous cell carcinoma originate?

Answer 29

Keratinocytes

Question 30

What cells does malignant melanoma arise from and what are its attributes?

Answer 30

Melanocytes, usually from an existing mole. Early detection is crucial.

Question 31

What is the ABCD rule of malignant melanoma detection?

Answer 31

A= asymmetry
B= border (is it notched, irregular, blurred, or ragged)
C= color (uniform? Consistent shade?)
D= diameter (larger than quarter of inch?)