Chapter 9- Respiratory System Flashcards
Sputum
Expectorated matter, especially mucus or mucopurulent matter expectorated in disease of the air passages
Ventilation
Distribution of gas into and out of the lungs
Alveolar
Pertaining to the alveoli
Anoxic
Pertaining to the absence of oxygen
Apneic
Pertaining to or suffering from apnea
Bronchial
Pertaining to the bronchus
Diaphragmatic
Pertaining to the diaphragm
Endotracheal
Pertaining to within the trachea
Hypoxic
Pertaining to a low level of oxygen
Intercostal
Pertaining to the area between the ribs
Laryngeal
Pertaining to the larynx
Lobar
Pertaining to any lobe of the lungs
Mediastinal
Pertaining to the mediastinum
Mucous
Pertaining to the mucous membrane
Nasal
Pertaining to the nose
Pectoral
Pertaining to the chest
Pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx
Phrenic
Pertaining to the diaphragm
Pleural
Pertaining to the pleura
Pleuritic
Pertaining to the pleurisy
Pulmonary
Pertaining to the lungs
Respiratory
Pertaining to respiration
Thoracic
Pertaining to the thorax (chest)
Tonsillar
Pertaining to the tonsil
Tracheal
Pertaining to the trachea
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Respiratory failure that can occur with underlying illnesses or injury
Aphonia
Loss of voice as a result of disease or injury
Apnea
Absence of breathing
Asthma
Chronic severe breathing disorder characterized by attacks of wheezing due to inflammation and narrowing of the airways
Atelectasis
Decrease or loss of air in the lung, causing loss of lung volume and possible lung collapse
Pleural cavity
Space between layers of the pleura
Visceral layer
Inner layer of the pleura that attaches to the lungs
Thorax, syn. chest
Anatomic region formed by the sternum, thoracic vertebrae, + the ribs, extending from the neck to the diaphragm
Diaphragm
Muscular partition between the abdominal and thoracic cavities; the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm causes inspiration and expiration
Mediastinum
Area of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, + thymus
Apnea
Normal breathing
Expiration, syn. exhalation
Process of breathing out
External respiration, syn. breathing
Process of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration, syn. inhalation
Process of breathing in
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between the blood in the capillaries and the cells of the body
Patent
Open or exposed (as in the airway)
Respiration
Process involving exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and body cells
Airway
Any part of the respiratory tract through which air passes during breathing
Radiography
Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of x-rays with the record of the findings exposed on photographic film
Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
Test used to assess distribution of blood flow and ventilation through both lungs
Auscultation
Physical examination method of listening to body sounds w/ stethoscope
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
Procedure performed during bronchoscopy to collect cells of the alveoli; saline solution is instilled into distal bronchi and then that solution is withdrawn along with alveolar cells
Bronchoscopy
Endoscopic examination of the larynx and airways
Laryngoscopy
Endoscopic examination of the larynx
Pneumonectomy
Excision of the lung
Rhinoplasty
Surgical repair of nose
Septoplasty
Surgical repair of (nasal) septum
Sinusotomy
Incision of the sinus
Thoracentesis
Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the chest cavity
Thoractomy
Incision of the chest cavity
Tonsillectomy
Surgical removal of one or both tonsils
Tracheoplasty
Surgical repair of trachea
Tracheostomy
Creation of an artificial opening into the trachea
Tracheotomy
Incision of the trachea
ABG
Arterial blood gas
AFB
Act-fast bacilli
ARDS
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
BAL
Bronchoalveolar lavage
BOOP
Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP
Continuous positive airway pressure
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CT
Computed tomography (scan)
CXR
Chest x-ray
ILD
Interstitial lung disease
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
PFTs
Pulmonary function tests
PPD
Purified protein derivative
RAD
Reactive airway disease
RF
Respiratory failure
TB
Tuberculosis
URI
Upper respiratory infection
V/Q
Ventilation-perfusion (scan)
VATS
Video-assisted thorascopic surgery
Incentive spirometry
Medical procedure to encourage patients to breathe deeply by using a portable plastic device called a spirometer that gives visual feedback as the patient inhales forcefully
Laryngectomy
Excision of the larynx
Laryngotracheotomy
Incision of the larynx and trachea
Lobectomy
Excision of a lobe (of the lung)
Mechanical ventilation
Use of an automatic mechanical device to perform all or part of the work of breathing
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Form of pneumonia caused by the bacterial species
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lungs
Pneumothorax
Presence of air or gas in pleural cavity
Pulmonary edema
Buildup of fluid in the lungs
Pulmonary embolism
Obstruction of the pulmonary circulation by a blood clot
Rales, syn. crackles
Crackling or bubbling lung noises heard on inspiration that indicate fluid in the alveoli or fibrosis
Reactive airway disease (RAD)
Respiratory condition characterized by wheezing, shortness of breath, + coughing after exposure to an irritant
Lobar pneumonia
Infection of the alveoli caused by fluid and pus filling an entire lobe of the lung
Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear
Clinical test performed on sputum to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli (the bacteria that cause tuberculosis)
Arterial blood gases (ABGs)
Test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, + other gases present
Purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test
Skin test used to determine whether the patient has developed an immune response to the bacteria that cause tuberculosis
Chest radiograph (CXR)
Radiographic image of chest used to evaluate the lungs and the heart
Computed tomography (CT) scan
X-ray technique producing computer-generated cross-sectional images
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; often used to diagnose lung disorders
Adenoidectomy
Excision of the adenoids
Aspiration
Removal of accumulated fluid by suction
Bronchoplasty
Surgical repair of the bronchus
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Medical procedure to ventilate the lungs and artificially circulate the blood if a patient has stopped breathing and the heart has stopped
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy
Breathing apparatus that pumps constant pressurized air through the nasal passages via a mask to keep the airway open
Endotracheal intubation
Medical procedure in which a tube is inserted between the vocal cords in the larynx and into the trachea to establish an airway for breathing purposes, either manually or mechanically
Hyperbaric medicine
Medical use of high barometric pressure, usually in specially constructed chambers, to increase oxygen content of blood and tissues
Otorhinolaryngology
Medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, + throat
Otorhinolaryngologist
Physician who specializes in otorhinolaryngology
Pulmonology
Medical specialty concerned with diseases of the lungs and respiratory tract
Pulmonologist
Physician who specializes in pulmonology
Nose
Anatomic structure positioned above the hard palette that provides an air passageway, which acts as a filter to moisten and warm inhaled air
Cilia
Fine, hairlike projections on the mucous membranes inside the nose
Nasal septum
Dividing wall between right and left nasal cavities
Paranasal sinuses
Paired, air-filled cavities in the bones of the face that are connected to the nasal cavity
Pharynx, syn. throat
Space behind mouth that serves as a passage for food from the mouth to the esophagus and for air from the nose and mouth to the larynx
Adenoids
2 lymphatic structures located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx that enlarge during childhood and shrink during puberty
Tonsils, syn. palatine tonsils
Two structures of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the throat
Larynx
Air passageway located between the pharynx and the trachea that holds the vocal cords
Epiglottis
Flap of cartilage that covers the upper region of the larynx during swallowing to prevent food or other matter from entering the lungs
Glottis, syn. vocal chords
Vocal structure of the larynx
Adenoid/o
Adenoids
Alveol/o
Alveolus
Aspir/o
To breath in or suck in
Atel/o
Incomplete
Ausculat/o
Listening
Bronchi/o, bronch/o
Bronchus
Capn/o, capn/i
Carbon dioxide
Cost/o
Rib
Diaphragmat/o, phren/o
Diaphragm
Epiglott/o
Epiglottis
Laryng/o
Larynx
Lob/o
Lobe
Mediastin/o
Mediastinum
Muc/o
Mucus
Nas/o, rhin/o
Nose
Ox/o, ox/a
Oxygen
Pector/o
Chest
Pharyng/o
Pharynx
Phon/o
Sound, voice
Pleur/o
Pleura
Pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o
Lung, air
Pulmon/o
Lung
Sept/o
Septum
Sinus/o
Sinus
Spir/o
Breath
Thorac/o
Thorax, chest
Tonsill/o
Tonsil
Trache/o
Trachea
A-, an-
Without, not
Dys-
Painful, difficult, abnormal
Em-
In
Eu-
Good, normal
Hypo-
Below, deficient
In-
Not
Pan-
All, entire
Per-
Through
Tachy-
Rapid, fast
-Algia
Pain
-Al, -ar, -ary, -ic
Pertaining to
-Cele
Herniation, protrusion
-Centesis
Puncture to aspirate
-Ectasis
Dilation, stretching
-Ectomy
Excision, surgical removal
-Emia
Blood (condition of)
-Graphy
Process of recording
-Itis
Inflammation
-Metry
Measurement of
-Phonia
Condition of the voice
-Plasty
Surgical repair, reconstruction
-Plegia
Paralysis
-Pnea
Breathing
-Rrhagia
Flowing forth
-Rrhea
Flow, discharge
-Scopy
Process of examining, examination
-Spasm
Involuntary movement
-Stomy
Surgical opening
-Tomy
Incision
Bronchiectasis
An irreversible widening of portions of the bronchi resulting from damage to the airway wall
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi
Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
Obstructive lung condition characterized by granulation tissue plugs in the bronchioles that extend into the alveoli
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
General term used for those disorders w/ permanent or temporary narrowing of small bronchi, in which formed expiratory flow is slowed
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Respiratory pattern involving alternating periods of apnea and rapid, deep breathing
Croup
Acute obstruction of upper airway in infants and children characterized by a barking cough with difficult and noisy respiration
Diaphragmatocele
Hernia of the diaphragm
Dysphonia
Vocal difficulty
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
Emphysema
Lung condition involving permanent destruction of very fine airways and alveoli, thus decreasing respiratory function
Empyema
Localized collection of pus in the thoracic cavity resulting from an infection in the lungs
Trachea, syn. windpipe
Air passage extending from the larynx into the thorax
Bronchi
2 subdivisions of the trachea serving to convey air to and from the lungs
Carina, syn. tracheal bifurcation
Cartilaginous ridge that divides into, and is continuous with, the two main or principal bronchi
Alveoli
Saclike cavities located off the bronchioles where gas is exchanged between the lungs and blood
Bronchioles
Finer subdivisions of the bronchi located in the lungs
Lungs
Pair of spongy organs of respiration in which blood is aerated
Lobes
Subdivisions of the lungs:3 on the right (upper, middle, + lower) and 2 on the left (upper and lower)
Pleura
Membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the walls of the pleural cavities
Parietal layer
Outer layer of the pleura that attaches to the chest wall
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose
Hemothorax
Blood located in the pleural cavity
Hypoxemia
Decreased level of oxygen in blood
Hypoxia
Decreased levels of oxygen in tissues
Influenza, syn. flu
Acute contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses
Interstitial lung disease (ILD), syn. pulmonary fibrosis
Group of chronic lung disorders affecting the tissue between the air sacs of the lungs causing irreversible inflammation and fibrosis, or scarring
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx
Laryngospasm
Involuntary movement of the larynx
Nasopharyngitis
Inflammation of the nasal cavity and pharynx
Orthopnea
Discomfort in breathing that is brought on or aggravated by lying flat
Pansinusitis
Inflammation of all sinuses
Pertussis, syn. whooping cough
Acute infectious inflammation of the larynx, trachea, + bronchi caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx
Pleural effusion
Collectition of fluid or blood in the pleural space around the lung
Pleuritis
Inflammation of the pleura
Pneumonia
Bacterial infection and inflammation within the lobes of the lungs
Bacterial pneumonia
Pneumonia caused by a bacterial infection
Bronchopneumonia
Infection of the smaller bronchial tubes of the lungs
Respiratory failure (RF)
Condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low and/or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the mucous membranes within the nasal cavity
Rhonchi
Abnormal whistling, humming, or snoring sounds heard during inspiration or expiration
Rubs
Friction sounds in the lungs caused by inflammation of the pleura
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the sinus
Stridor
Whistling sound heard on inspiration that indicates partial obstruction of the trachea or larynx
Tachypnea
Abnormally fast rate of respiration
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of 1 or both tonsils
Tracheitis
Inflammation of the trachea
Tracheorrhagia
Bleeding from the lining of the trachea
Tuberculosis (TB)
Infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that attacks the lungs and is spread through the air from one person to another
Upper respiratory infection (URI)
Acute infection involving the nose, sinus, larynx, or pharynx; commonly called a cold
Wheeze
An airy, whistling type of sound made on inspiration and expiration
Nasopharyngoscopy
Endoscopic examination of the nasal passages and the pharynx
Peak flow monitoring
Test measuring the rate of air flow, or how fast air is able to pass through the airways
Percussion
Physical examination method of tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity (such as the chest)
Pharyngoscopy
Endoscopic examination of the pharynx
Polysomnography
Monitoring and recording normal and abnormal activity during sleep, inc. neural and respiratory functions
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
Group of tests performed to measure breathing; used to determine respiratory function or abnormalities; useful in distinguishing chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases from asthma
Pulse oximetry
Measurement of oxygen saturation in the blood
Rhinoscopy
Endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity
Spirometry
Procedure for measuring air flow and volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs using a device called spirometer
Thorascopy
Endoscopic examination of the thorax done through a small opening in the chest wall
Video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS)
Thoracic surgery performed using endoscopic cameras, optical systems, + display screens, as well as specially designed surgical instruments, which enables surgeons to view the inside of the chest cavity and remove tissue to test for disease
Antibiotic
Drug that acts against susceptible microorganisms
Antihistamine
Drug used to stop the effects of histamine in the respiratory tract
Antitubercular
Drug contained in a vaccine used to lower the risk of getting tuberculosis in people who may be exposed to the disease
Antitussive
Drug that suppresses the cough center in the brain to stop repeated or productive coughing
Bronchodilator
Drug that dilates the bronchial wall, allowing air to pass through and relieving breathing difficulties
Decongestant
Drug that relieves congestion by shrinking swollen nasal tissues and blood vessels
Expectorant
Drug that helps bring up mucus and other material from the lungs, bronchi, + trachea and helps to lubricate the irritated respiratory tract
Nebulizer, syn. atomizer
Device for administering drug by spraying a fine mist into the nose
