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Anatomy > 4: Integumentary > Flashcards

4: Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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2
Q

Is the hypodermis part of the integument?

A

No

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3
Q

What are the 5 functions of the integument?

A

Protection
Prevent dehydration
Sensation
Temperature regulation
Vitamin D synthesis

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4
Q

Where is the epidermis of the thick skin found?

A

Palms and bottom of feet

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5
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

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6
Q

What layer of the epidermis consist of 10-40 layers of cells?

A

Stratum corneum

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7
Q

What layers of the epidermis consist of 2-4 layers of cells?

A

Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

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8
Q

What layer of the epidermis is not found in the whole integument? Where is it found?

A

Stratum lucidum

Found in the thick skin

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9
Q

What kind of vasculature does the epidermis have?

A

None, it’s avascular

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10
Q

What epidermal layer contains dead keratinocytes?

A

Stratum corneum

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11
Q

What epidermal layer attaches to the basement membrane via collagen fibers?

A

Stratum basale

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12
Q

What feature of the Stratum basale increases the surface area between the epidermis and the papillary layer of the dermis? What does this do?

A

Epidermal ridges

Increases strength of connection between the two

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13
Q

What feature of the Papillary layer increases the surface area between the epidermis and the papillary layer of the dermis? What does this do?

A

Dermal papillae

Resist mechanical stress

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14
Q

What is the Stratum basale primarily made of? (Two names)

A

Keratinocytes called basal stem cells

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15
Q

What is the role of basal stem cells?

A

All of the keratinocytes in the epidermis are produced from this single layer of cells, which are constantly dividing to produce new cells. As new cells are formed, the existing cells are pushed superficially away from the stratum basale.

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16
Q

What is the location and function of a Merkel cell?

A

Stratum basale

functions as a sensory receptor for touch

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17
Q

What is the location and function of a melanocyte?

A

Stratum basale

Produces melanin by apocrine secretion

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18
Q

What determines skin color?

A

ACTIVITY of melanocytes, not amount of melanocytes. All people have the same number

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19
Q

What structure joins the cells of the Stratum spinosum?

A

Desmosomes

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20
Q

What layer contains epidermal dendritic cells?

A

Stratum spinosum

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21
Q

What are epidermal dendritic cells for? In what layer?

A

function as macrophages by engulfing bacteria, foreign particles, and damaged cells in the Stratum spinosum

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22
Q

In what layer do keratinocytes begin to produce keratin?

A

Stratum spinosum

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23
Q

What layer of the epidermis produces a water-repellant glycolipid?

A

Stratum spinosum

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24
Q

What gives the Stratum granulosum its grainy appearance?

A

The large production of keratin and keratohyalin

25
Q

What makes up the bulk of the cell mass in the Stratum granulosum?

A

Keratin and karetohylain

26
Q

In what epidermal layer do cell organelles begin to die and disintegrate?

A

Stratum granulosum

27
Q

What is the Stratum lucidum composed of?

A

Dead, flattened, compacted keratinocytes

28
Q

What binds the cells of the Stratum lucidum?

A

eleidin, a clear protein rich in lipids, derived from keratohyalin

29
Q

How long does it take for the Stratum corneum to replace itself?

A

About 4 weeks

30
Q

Where does the stratum corneum get its name?

A

The increased keratinization of the cells is also called cornification

31
Q

What causes a nevus?

A

Overgrowth of melanocytes

32
Q

What causes freckles?

A

Excessive melanocyte activity

33
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer
Reticular layer

34
Q

What is the papillary layer of the dermis composed of?

A

Areolar connective tissue

35
Q

What is the reticular layer of the dermis composed of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

36
Q

What causes wrinkles?

A

Loss of collagen and elastic fibers, decreased thickness of dermis

37
Q

What is the structure of the hypodermis?

A

Areolar and adipose tissue

38
Q

What are the 5 terms of the nail we need to know?

A

Free edge, lunula, cuticle, nail root, nail body

39
Q

What is the lunula?

A

Little white half-moon at the base of the nail, but still under the nail

40
Q

What gives the reticular layer its name?

A

The net-like (reticulated) framework of elastin fibers

41
Q

What are the three layers of hair?

A

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

42
Q

What layer of hair is living cells?

A

Medulla

43
Q

What part of the hair follicle extends into the dermis?

A

The hair bulb

44
Q

What part of the hair is in the hair follicle below the skin?

A

The hair root

45
Q

How fast foes hair grow?

A

2mm/week

46
Q

What is the growth cycle of hair?

A

Anagen phase
Catagen phase
Telogen phase

47
Q

What happens in the anagen phase? How long does it last?

A

Hair actively grows, lasts 2-7 years

48
Q

What happens in the catagen phase? How long does it last?

A

Transition phase where the follicle shrinks, lasts 2-3 weeks

49
Q

What happens during the telogen phase? How long does it lasts?

A

Follicle is inactive, hair stops growing and is shed. Lasts 2-4 months

50
Q

What is the name of an oil gland? What’s the name for the “oil?”

A

Sebaceous gland produces sebum

51
Q

What is the name of a sweat gland?

A

Sudoriferous gland

52
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands? What’s the difference and where are they located?

A

Eccrine glands produce watery sweat and are all over the body

Apocrine glands produce viscous sweat & are found in the axillary, nipple, anal, and genital areas

53
Q

What gland attached to the hair shaft is responsible for acne?

A

Sebaceous gland

54
Q

What are the 3 types of hair and where are they found?

A

Lanugo hair (fetal)
Vellus hair (fine hair on most of body)
Terminal hair (head, armpit, pubic region, male facial hair)

55
Q

What layers of the skin does a first-degree burn affect?

A

Epidermis

56
Q

What layers of the skin does a second-degree burn affect?

A

Epidermis and part of the dermis

57
Q

What layers of the skin does a third-degree burn affect?

A

Entire epidermis and dermis

58
Q

What epidermal layer does basal cell carcinoma originate in? Is it dangerous?

A

Stratum basale. Most common, least dangerous

59
Q

What epidermal layer does malignant melanoma originate in? Is it dangerous?

A

Stratum basale. Most deadly type. Arises from melanocytes

Anatomy (7 decks)

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