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Anatomy > 10: Nervous tissue > Flashcards

10: Nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What do CNS and PNS stand for?

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Is sensory information afferent or efferent?

A

Afferent

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3
Q

Is motor information afferent or efferent?

A

Efferent

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4
Q

What 3 kinds of senses contribute to sensory information?

A

Special senses
Somatic senses
Visceral senses

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5
Q

What constitutes the special senses?

A

Vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance/equilibrium

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6
Q

What constitutes the somatic senses?

A

Information from skin, joints, and skeletal muscles

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7
Q

What constitutes the visceral senses?

A

Information from internal organs and blood vessels

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8
Q

What are the two branches contribute to the efferent motor information?

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

What constitutes the somatic nervous system?

A

Voluntary muscles
Innervates skeletal muscle

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10
Q

What constitutes the autonomic nervous system?

A

Involuntary muscles
Innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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11
Q

What are the components of nervous tissue?

A

Neurons
Glial cells
Microglial cells
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells

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12
Q

What are neurons?

A

Excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses

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13
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons

More abundant than neurons

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14
Q

What is the name of the cell body of a neuron?

A

Soma

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15
Q

What is the part of a neuron where the electrical signal is initiated?

A

Axon Hillock

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16
Q

Towards what neuron organelle does an electrical impulse always travel?

A

Toward the axon terminals

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17
Q

In relation to the nervous system, what is integration?

A

The processing of stimuli and comparing it with other stimuli, memories of previous stimuli, or state of a person at a specific time

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18
Q

What is the term that means dendrites and axons?

A

Neurites

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19
Q

What neuron organelle houses the receiving end of a synapse?

A

Dendrites

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20
Q

What protective covering do many axons have?

A

Myelin sheath

21
Q

What kind of cells form myelin?

A

Glial cells (oligodendrocytes)

22
Q

What part of the neuron houses the transmitting synapses?

A

Axon terminals

23
Q

What information do unipolar neurons transmit?

A

Sensory

24
Q

What are the two unique characteristics of a unipolar neuron?

A
  1. Dendrites are sometimes receiving sensory information directly from the stimulus
  2. Cell bodies are always found in ganglia
25
Q

What information do bipolar neurons transmit?

A

Sensory info from the special senses

26
Q

What is the small space between the the membranes of the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron?

A

Synaptic cleft

27
Q

What do astrocytes do? Which system are they part of?

A

Control ionic movement

Induce formation of the blood-brain barrier

Part of CNS

28
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Form the myelin sheaths in CNS

29
Q

What do microglial cells do? Which system are they part of?

A

Clean up debris and fight infection

Can engulf foreign objects like WBC

Part of CNS

30
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Line brain internal cavities (the ventricles)

The choroid plexus is where these come in contact with blood vessels. The ependymal cells filter and absorb components of the blood to produce CSF

31
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A

Myelinate PNS axons

32
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

Protect and regulate nutrients for neuron cell bodies in ganglia

33
Q

What is the structure of myelin?

A

White, fatty coating around axons

34
Q

What is the name of the spaces in the myelin sheath? What purpose do they serve?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

Speeds up electrical impulses by creating “stepping stones” for the current

35
Q

What does gray matter contain?

A

Neuron cell bodies and dendrites

36
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Axons and myelin sheaths

37
Q

Where in the PNS are neuron cell bodies and dendrites found?

A

Ganglia

38
Q

Where in the PNS are axons found?

A

Nerves

39
Q

What neurons form the ganglia of the PNS directly off the spinal cord?

A

Unipolar sensory neurons

40
Q

What neurons form the anterior rootlets?

A

Efferent motor neurons

41
Q

What neurons form the posterior rootlets?

A

Afferent sensory neurons

42
Q

What is the fibrous connective tissue of the outer layer of a nerve?

A

Epineurium

43
Q

What fibrous connective tissue forms the fascicles within nerves?

A

perineurium

44
Q

What loose connective tissue covers the axons within a nerve?

A

endoneurium

45
Q

Where is the cell body of a secondary motor neuron?

A

Gray matter of the spinal cord

46
Q

What does an interneuron do?

A

It carries sensory information received to other parts of the brain for reaction

47
Q

What organelle does Multiple Sclerosis affect? What is the result?

A

Affects oligodendrocytes

Results in patches of myelin in brain and spinal cord being destroyed

48
Q

What two diseases involve maladaptive protein aggregates?

A

Alzheimer’s
Parkinson’s

49
Q

Alzheimer’s causes what within neurons? What does it cause between neurons?

A

Tau tangles

Amyloid plaques

Anatomy (22 decks)

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