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3: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

-Highly cellular, minimal extracellular matrix
-Polarity, tissue has an apical and basal surface
-Attachment to basement membrane
-Avascular
-High regenerative capacity

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A
  1. Nervous
  2. Muscle
  3. Epithelial
  4. Connective
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3
Q

What are the 3 functions of epithelial cells?

A
  1. Physical protection
  2. Selective permeability
  3. Secretion
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4
Q

How do epithelial cells receive nutrients if they are avascular?

A

Diffusion from basement membrane

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5
Q

What is the apical surface? What is unique about it?

A

The top layer of epithelial tissue. It is unattached

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6
Q

What is the basal surface?

A

Where the epithelial tissue attaches to a basement membrane

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7
Q

What is a tight junction? What does it do? Where is it common?

A

An intercellular junction made of proteins that prevents anything from entering between cells. Common at the apical surface

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8
Q

What is a gap junction? What does it do? Where is it common?

A

An intercellular junction that is localized (does not span the whole outside of a cell). It’s primary function is communication. It is common in cardiac muscle.

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9
Q

What are anchoring junctions?

A

Intercellular junction important for support and to resist mechanical stress.

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10
Q

What anchoring junctions is localized and at the lateral level?

A

Desmosomes

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11
Q

What anchoring junction is all the way around a cell at a lateral level?

A

Adherens

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12
Q

What anchoring junction is at the basal surface?

A

Hemidesmosomes

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13
Q

What kind of tissue is fat?

A

Loose connective tissue

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14
Q

What are the functions of a simple squamous epithelium?

A

Diffusion, filtration

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15
Q

What are common locations of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Lung air sacs (alveoli), lining of blood vessels, serous membranes

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16
Q

What are common functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Absorption, secretion

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17
Q

What are common locations of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Kidney tubules, glands

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18
Q

What are common functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption, secretion, movement (if ciliated)

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19
Q

What are common locations of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Lining of stomach, small intestine, large intestine (non-ciliated), lining of uterine tubes (ciliated)

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20
Q

What are common functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Protection, movement (if ciliated)

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21
Q

What is the common location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Lining of respiratory tract

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22
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protection

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23
Q

What are the common locations of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Epidermis of skin, lining of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina

24
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

Distention and relaxation of urinary structures

25
What are common locations of transitional epithelium?
Lining of ureters, bladder, and urethra
26
What is the important characteristic of an exocrine gland?
Has ducts that secrete products onto an epithelial surface
27
What are the 3 important characteristics of endocrine glands?
Ductless, cells secrete products into interstitial fluid and bloodstream, forms the endocrine system
28
What happens in merocrine secretion?
Golgi creates a vesicle that opens at the cell membrane and releases secretion
29
What common locations secrete by merocrine secretion?
Sweat and salivary glands
30
What happens during apocrine secretion?
Cell body pinches off a portion and that portion becomes the secretion. Usually no cell death
31
What is a common location of apocrine secretion?
Ear canal producing ear wax
32
What happens during holocrine secretion?
Cell dies and becomes the secretion
33
What is a common location of holocrine secretion?
Sebaceous/oil gland
34
What is the general structure of connective tissue?
Sparse cells in an extracellular matrix
35
What is the common origin of connective tissue?
Mesenchyme
36
What are the 3 main types of connective tissue and their subdivisions?
Connective tissue proper (Loose and dense) Supporting connective tissue (Cartilage and bone) Fluid connective Tissue (Blood and lymph)
37
What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar Adipose Reticular
38
What is the structure of areolar tissue?
Fibroblasts collagen and elastic fibers abundant ground substance
39
What are common locations of areolar tissue?
Subcutaneous tissue, dermis of skin
40
What is the structure of adipose tissue?
Adipocytes in a loose extracellular matrix
41
What is the structure of reticular tissue?
White blood cells and fibroblasts, reticular fibers, ground substance
42
What are the three types of dense connective tissue?
Regular, irregular, elastic
43
What is the structure of dense regular connective tissue?
Dense, parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance
44
What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
Resist stress in one direction
45
What are the common locations of dense regular connective tissue?
Tendons, ligaments
46
What is the structure of dense irregular connective tissue?
Collagen fibers randomly arranged, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance
47
What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?
Resist stress in all directions
48
What are common locations of dense irregular connective tissue?
Dermis of skin, organ capsules
49
What is the structure of dense elastic tissue?
Dense elastic fibers, fibroblasts
50
What are common locations of dense elastic tissue?
Walls of large arteries and airways
51
What is the structure of cartilage?
Semisolid matrix containing chondrocytes
52
What is the structure of bone?
Calcified, solid matrix containing osteocytes
53
What is the function of fluid connective tissue?
Contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; water-based ground substance is called plasma
54
What is the cause, mechanism, and outcome of scurvy?
Cause: Vitamin C deficiency Mechanism: Normal collagen fibers cannot form Outcome: Weakening of gums, teeth, bones, and internal mucosa. Wounds and fractures don't heal well
55
What is the cause, mechanism, and outcome of Marfan syndrome?
Cause: Genetic disease Mechanism: Abnormalities in fibrillin, a protein that builds elastic fibers Outcome: Skeletal, cardio, vision, connective tissue abnormalities. Tall and thin with long legs, arms fingers, and toes. Typically die by age 50 because of heart weakness
56
What causes gangrene?
Lack of blood flow resulting from injury, infection, or diabetes

Anatomy (22 decks)

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