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Anatomy > 3: Histology > Flashcards

3: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

-Highly cellular, minimal extracellular matrix
-Polarity, tissue has an apical and basal surface
-Attachment to basement membrane
-Avascular
-High regenerative capacity

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A
  1. Nervous
  2. Muscle
  3. Epithelial
  4. Connective
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3
Q

What are the 3 functions of epithelial cells?

A
  1. Physical protection
  2. Selective permeability
  3. Secretion
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4
Q

How do epithelial cells receive nutrients if they are avascular?

A

Diffusion from basement membrane

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5
Q

What is the apical surface? What is unique about it?

A

The top layer of epithelial tissue. It is unattached

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6
Q

What is the basal surface?

A

Where the epithelial tissue attaches to a basement membrane

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7
Q

What is a tight junction? What does it do? Where is it common?

A

An intercellular junction made of proteins that prevents anything from entering between cells. Common at the apical surface

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8
Q

What is a gap junction? What does it do? Where is it common?

A

An intercellular junction that is localized (does not span the whole outside of a cell). It’s primary function is communication. It is common in cardiac muscle.

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9
Q

What are anchoring junctions?

A

Intercellular junction important for support and to resist mechanical stress.

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10
Q

What anchoring junctions is localized and at the lateral level?

A

Desmosomes

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11
Q

What anchoring junction is all the way around a cell at a lateral level?

A

Adherens

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12
Q

What anchoring junction is at the basal surface?

A

Hemidesmosomes

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13
Q

What kind of tissue is fat?

A

Connective tissue

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14
Q

What are the functions of a simple squamous epithelium?

A

Diffusion, filtration

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15
Q

What are common locations of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Lung air sacs (alveoli), lining of blood vessels, serous membranes

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16
Q

What are common functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Absorption, secretion

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17
Q

What are common locations of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Kidney tubules, glands

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18
Q

What are common functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption, secretion, movement (if ciliated)

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19
Q

What are common locations of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Lining of stomach, small intestine, large intestine (non-ciliated), lining of uterine tubes (ciliated)

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20
Q

What are common functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Protection, movement (if ciliated)

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21
Q

What is the common location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Lining of respiratory tract

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22
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protection

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23
Q

What are the common locations of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Epidermis of skin, lining of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina

24
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

Distention and relaxation of urinary structures

25
Q

What are common locations of transitional epithelium?

A

Lining of ureters, bladder, and urethra

26
Q

What is the important characteristic of an exocrine gland?

A

Has ducts that secrete products onto an epithelial surface

27
Q

What are the 3 important characteristics of endocrine glands?

A

Ductless, cells secrete products into interstitial fluid and bloodstream, forms the endocrine system

28
Q

What happens in merocrine secretion?

A

Golgi creates a vesicle that opens at the cell membrane and releases secretion

29
Q

What common locations secrete by merocrine secretion?

A

Sweat and salivary glands

30
Q

What happens during apocrine secretion?

A

Cell body pinches off a portion and that portion becomes the secretion. Usually no cell death

31
Q

What is a common location of apocrine secretion?

A

Ear canal producing ear wax

32
Q

What happens during holocrine secretion?

A

Cell dies and becomes the secretion

33
Q

What is a common location of holocrine secretion?

A

Sebaceous/oil gland

34
Q

What is the general structure of connective tissue?

A

Sparse cells in an extracellular matrix

35
Q

What is the common origin of connective tissue?

A

Mesenchyme

36
Q

What are the 3 main types of connective tissue and their subdivisions?

A

Connective tissue proper (Loose and dense)

Supporting connective tissue (Cartilage and bone)

Fluid connective Tissue (Blood and lymph)

37
Q

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

38
Q

What is the structure of areolar tissue?

A

Fibroblasts
collagen and elastic fibers
abundant ground substance

39
Q

What are common locations of areolar tissue?

A

Subcutaneous tissue, dermis of skin

40
Q

What is the structure of adipose tissue?

A

Adipocytes in a loose extracellular matrix

41
Q

What is the structure of reticular tissue?

A

White blood cells and fibroblasts, reticular fibers, ground substance

42
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissue?

A

Regular, irregular, dense

43
Q

What is the structure of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Dense, parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance

44
Q

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Resist stress in one direction

45
Q

What are the common locations of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Tendons, ligaments

46
Q

What is the structure of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Collagen fibers randomly arranged, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance

47
Q

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Resist stress in all directions

48
Q

What are common locations of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Dermis of skin, organ capsules

49
Q

What is the structure of dense elastic tissue?

A

Dense elastic fibers, fibroblasts

50
Q

What are common locations of dense elastic tissue?

A

Walls of large arteries and airways

51
Q

What is the structure of cartilage?

A

Semisolid matrix containing chondrocytes

52
Q

What is the structure of bone?

A

Calcified, solid matrix containing osteocytes

53
Q

What is the function of fluid connective tissue?

A

Contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; water-based ground substance is called plasma

54
Q

What is the cause, mechanism, and outcome of scurvy?

A

Cause: Vitamin C deficiency

Mechanism: Normal collagen fibers cannot form

Outcome: Weakening of gums, teeth, bones, and internal mucosa. Wounds and fractures don’t heal well

55
Q

What is the cause, mechanism, and outcome of Marfan syndrome?

A

Cause: Genetic disease

Mechanism: Abnormalities in fibrillin, a protein that builds elastic fibers

Outcome: Skeletal, cardio, vision, connective tissue abnormalities. Tall and thin with long legs, arms fingers, and toes. Typically die by age 50 because of heart weakness

56
Q

What causes gangrene?

A

Lack of blood flow resulting from injury, infection, or diabetes

Anatomy (7 decks)

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