15: Blood Flashcards
What type of connective tissue is blood?
Fluid
What is another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
What is the buffy coat in blood? How much of total blood sample is buffy coat?
Layer of WBCs and platelets in a centrifuged sample
<1%
What are the 3 major types of proteins in blood from most to least abundant?
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Where is albumin produced and what does it do?
Liver
Transport vehicle for fatty acids and steroid hormones
Contributor to osmotic pressure (holds water in the blood vessels)
Where are globulins made? What are the main types?
Made by special leukocytes called plasma cells
Alpha, beta, gamma
What do alpha and beta globulins do?
Transport iron, lipids, vitamins A,D,E,K
Contribute to osmotic pressure
What do gamma globulins do?
Antibodies/immunoglobulins that are involved in immunity
Where is fibrinogen produced and what does it do?
Liver
Essential for blood clotting
What two proteins constitute regulatory proteins in the blood?
Enzymes and hormones
What is different between reticulocytes and erythrocytes?
Reticulocytes are immature and contain remnants of organelles
How long are erythrocytes in circulation?
120 days
What cells remove worn out erythrocytes?
Macrophages
Where does bilirubin come from?
A portion of the hemoglobin from degraded erythrocytes, called heme, is converted into biliverdin (a green pigment) and then is converted into bilirubin (a yellow pigment)
What is the name of the general condition of not having enough RBCs or hemoglobin?
Anemia
What are the three main causes for anemia?
Blood loss, faulty/decreased RBC production, excessive RBC destruction
What is the term for elevated RBC count?
Polycythemia
Do RBCs and leukocytes originate in the same place?
Yes, bone marrow
What is the name for the sites through which WBCs leave the small blood vessels?
Diapedesis
What is chemotaxis?
Movement in response to chemicals. Injured or infected cells and nearby leukocytes emit the equivalent of a chemical “911” call, attracting more leukocytes to the site.
What are the 2 primary classes of WBCs?
Granular and agranular
What are the 3 subtypes of granular leukocytes from most common to least common?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
What are the two subtypes of agranular leukocytes?
Monocytes and lymphocytes
What subtype of leukocytes acts as a phagocyte and contain lysozyme?
Neutrophil
What subtype of leukocyte counteracts the activities of histamines and target parasites?
Eosinophils
What subtype of leukocytes are least common, release histamines, and oppose blood clotting with heparin?
Basophils
What leukocyte subtype is essential for coordinating immune cell activity?
Lymphocytes
What leukocyte subtype is a phage of many foreign bodies and debris as well as releasing antimicrobial defensins?
Monocyte
What condition results in too few leukocytes being produced?
Leukopenia
What cancerous condition is caused by leukocytes that do not die?
Leukemia
What is a platelet made from?
A fragment of the cytoplasm of a cell called a megakaryocyte
What is fibrin?
Insoluble filamentous protein derived from fibrinogen that forms the mesh of a blood clot
What is thrombocytosis?
A condition in which there are too many platelets
What is thrombocytopenia?
A condition in which there are not enough platelets
What is not produced by the liver in the case of hemophilia?
Inadequate productions of one or more clotting factors
What determines blood type?
Presence or absence of specific antigens on erythrocyte plasma membranes
What are the two main classifications of antigens on plasma membranes of RBCs?
ABO blood group and Rh blood group
What characteristics does B- blood have?
RBCs have B antigens, A antibodies are in the blood stream, and there is no Rh antibody in the blood stream
What is a hemocytoblast?
Blood stem cell in red bone marrow
What two stem cells are produced from hemocytoblasts and what do they give rise to?
Lymphoid stem cells (to become leukocytes) and myeloid stem cells (to become all other formed elements in blood)
What is erythropoietin?
A hemopoietic growth factor that stimulates development from stem cells into other cells
What is thrombopoietin?
Growth factor that stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes
