22-25 Flashcards
1
Q
What kind of tissue is the renal fibrous capsule?
A
Dense, irregular connective tissue
2
Q
What is the shock-absorbing layer of adipose tissue around the fibrous capsule of the kidney’s?
A
Renal fat pad
3
Q
What is the renal hilum?
A
Entry and exit site for structure servicing the kidneys.
4
Q
What are the arteries of the kidney from largest to smallest?
A
Renal, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular, afferent arterioles
5
Q
What is the renal corpuscle?
A
Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule together
6
Q
What blood vessels are mainly located in the renal cortex surrounding the nephron loop?
A
Vasa recta
7
Q
What blood vessels are mainly located in the renal cortex surrounding the distal and proximal tubules?
A
Peritubular capillaries
8
Q
After leaving the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, where does blood flow?
A
Interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein, vena cava
9
Q
A
10
Q
Of the two types of nephrons, which one is more abundant?
A
Cortical nephron composed 85% juxtamedullary nephrons compose 15%
11
Q
Which of the two arterials going through the glomerular capsule is wider?
A
Afferent is wider than efferent
12
Q
What is the name of the fluid entering the glomerular capsule and renal tubule?
A
Filtrate
13
Q
What kind of capillaries make the glomerulus?
A
Fenestrated capillaries
14
Q
What kind of cells are the filters in the glomerulus?
A
Podocytes
15
Q
Where is a juxta glomerular apparatus found?
A
It is found where an afferent arteriole and a distal convoluted tubule meet
16
Q
What happens at the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A
Macula densa cells, mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells cooperate to regulate blood volume and pressure
17
Q
What are the four steps of urine formation?
A
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
18
Q
Which part of the nephron is active in reabsorption? What does it resorb?
A
The proximal convoluted tubule. It resorbs, nutrients, electrolytes, and water.
19
Q
What kind of cells make the proximal convoluted tubule?
A
Simple cuboidal epithelium with a lot of microvilli
20
Q
What functions does the nephron loop perform?
A
Re-absorption of sodium, chloride, and water
21
Q
What part of the nephron is active in secretion? What does it secrete?
A
The distal convoluted tubule. It secretes, potassium and hydrogen ions. It also has a variable absorption of sodium.
22
Q
What kind of cells make the distal convoluted tubule?
A
Simple cuboid epithelium with few microvilli
23
Q
When is filtrate considered urine?
A
When it leaves the collecting duct
24
Q
What function does the collecting duct perform?
A
Variable reabsorption of water
25
What are the three layers of the walls of the ureters from inside to out?
Mucosa muscularis and adventitia
26
What structure funnels urine into the urethra as the bladder contracts?
The trigone
27
What are the four walls of the urinary bladder?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia
28
What ligament attaches the bladder to the interior abdominal wall?
Median umbilical ligament
29
What is the internal urethral sphincter?
Is thickening of the detrusor muscle that is involuntary smooth muscle and controlled by the autonomic nervous system
30
What is the external urethral sphincter?
A portion of the urogenital diaphragm made a skeletal muscle that is controlled by the somatic nervous system
31
What happens during micturition?
Stretcher receptors in the bladder are stimulated, internal and external urethral sphincters relax, detrusor muscle and abdominal muscles contract
32
What role do the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the nervous system play in urination?
Parasympathetic division stimulates it. Sympathetic division inhibits it.
33
What initiates puberty?
The hypothalamus increases secretion of Ganadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH)
34
What does GnRH do?
Stimulates the release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
35
Where are gonadotropins released from?
Anterior pituitary
36
What do gonadotropins stimulate?
The gonads to produce sex hormones
37
What is the outer layer of the ovaries?
Tunica albuginea
38
What is in the ovarian cortex?
Follicles (oocytes, surrounded by supportive cells.)
39
What is in the ovarian medulla?
Loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
40
What is the process of folliculogenesis?
Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature follicle, ovulation
41
What is the process of folliculogenesis?
Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature follicle, ovulation
42
What three parts make up the renal tubule?
The proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, and the distal convoluted tubule
43
What is gametogenesis called in females?
Oogenesis
44
What is an ovarian stem cell called?
Oogonia
45
When and from what are primary oocytes formed?
Oogonia form primary oocytes in the fetal ovary prior to birth
46
How often does ovulation occur?
Every 28 days
47
What initiates resumption of meiosis in a primary oocyte?
Ovulation releasing luteinizing hormone promotes the transition of primary to secondary oocyte
48
What is needed to produce an ovum?
Sperm penetrating the barriers of a secondary oocyte, advancing meiosis
49
What is an ovarian follicle?
Oocytes and their supporting cells
50
What is atresia?
Death of an ovarian follicle, caused by the ovulation of another follicle
51
What are granulosa cells?
The single-layered supporting cells of a primordial follicle
52
What is an antrum?
The thick follicular fluid in the lumen of a secondary oocyte
53
What is the criteria of a tertiary follicle?
Tertiary follicles (AKA mature or antral follicles) contain fully-formed antrums
54
How many ovarian follicles does a woman have at the beginning of puberty?
~400,000
55
What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle and what days do they fall on?
Follicular phase (days 1-13), ovulation (day 14), luteal phase (day 15-28)
56
What happens during the follicular phase?
5-6 primordial follicles are stimulated by FSH and expand in diameter to become primary follicles and then secondary follicles. Typically one dominant follicle remains while the others undergo atresia. LH also stimulates the follicles to produce estradiol
57
What happens during ovulation?
A large burst of LH stimulates the primary oocyte to resume meiosis and become a secondary oocyte. LH also produces proteases. Degradation of the ovary wall and pressure from the antrum results in expulsion of the oocyte into the peritoneal cavity
58
What happens during the luteal phase?
The LH luteinizes the granulosa and theca cells (left in the follicle after ovulation), meaning they become the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces large amounts of progesterone. If pregnancy does not occur in 10-12 days, the corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans which degrades
59
What are the 4 parts of the oviduct from proximal to distal (in relation to the uterus)?
Isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum, fimbriae
60
What are the layers of the oviduct?
Mucosa, muscularis, serosa
61
What are the two layers of the endometrium and which one is shed during menstruation?
Stratum basalis is not shed. Stratum functionalis is shed
62
What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle and what days do they fall on?
Menses Phase (1-5)
Proliferative phase (6-14)
Secretory phase (15-28)
63
What happens during the menses phase?
Stratum functionalis is shed as estrogen and progesterone levels lower
64
What happens during the proliferative phase?
Rising estrogen levels stimulate rebuilding of (proliferation) on endometrial lining
65
What happens in the secretory phase?
The corpus luteum releases progesterone and the endometrial lining prepares for implantation. Glycogen and spiral arteries are abundant.
If no implantation occurs, the corpus luteum degrades into the corpus albicans, reducing estrogen and progesterone levels, and the endometrium thins. Prostaglandins constrict spiral arteries, endometrial tissue dies, and menses begins
66
What is the superior portion of the vagina called?
Fornix
67
What is the hymen?
A thin membrane that sometimes partially covers the entrance to the vagina
68
69
What muscle makes up the subcutaneous layer of the scrotum?
The dartos muscle
70
What muscle in the scrotum forms the scrotal septum?
The dartos muscle
71
The two cremaster muscles descend from which muscle?
The internal obliques
72
What are the two distinct layers of protective tissue around the testes?
The Tunica vaginalis (with a parietal and a visceral layer) and the Tunica albuginea
73
What is cryptorchidism?
Clinical term used when one or both of the testes failed to descend into the scrotum prior to birth
74
What forms the bulk of the test is?
The seminiferous tubules
75
The efferent ductules of the testes pass through which protective layer?
The Tunica albuginea
76
Describe the process of spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia divide through mitosis and meiosis to produce primary and secondary spermatocytes, then spermatids, which finally produce spermatozoa or sperm
77
What are Sertoli cells?
Also called sustentacular cells. These are elongate branching cells that extend physically around the germ cells from the peripheral basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules to the lumen.
78
What role do interstitial cells play in the testes?
They are found between the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone to aid and spermatogenesis
79
What two structures make the head of the spermatozoa?
The nucleus and the acrosome (containing digestive enzymes)
80
What organelle fills the mid piece of the sperm?
Mitochondria
81
How long does it take for sperm to move to the coils of the epididymis?
12 days
82
How long is the process from spermatogonia to sperm?
64 days
83
What role does epididymis play?
Storing mature sperm and allowing immature sperm to mature
84
Where are mature sperm stored in the epididymis
The tail prior to ejaculation
85
What structures are part of the spermatic cord?
The vas deferens, testicular artery, venous plexus, and testicular nerve
86
What is produced by the Seminal vesicles that count for 60% of semen volume?
Fructose for ATP production, bicarbonate to neutralize vaginal acid, and peostaglandins to widen the cervix
87
Why does the prostate gland produce an alkaline, milky fluid to the passing semen?
It is critical to first coagulate, and then decoagulate the semen following ejaculation, helping the female reproductive tract retain it
88
What do the bulbourethral glands do?
Release a thick, salty fluid that lubricates the end of the urethra and the vagina, and helps to clean urine residue from the penile urethra
89
What structure attaches the penis to the peroneal membrane in the pelvic skeleton?
The root of the penis
90
What is the mechanism of erection?
During sexual arousal, nitric oxide is released from nerve endings in the corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum. This is a signaling pathway that relaxes smooth muscle near the penile arteries, resulting in large amount of blood to increase the pressure of the cavities while collapsing the veins.
91
What muscles cause ejaculation?
Smooth muscles in the wall of the vas deferens and urethra. These are both innovated by the sympathetic nervous system system.
92
What is capacitation?
Fluids from the female reproductive track that thin the membrane in the head of the sperm, allowing their lysosomal enzymes to come in contact with the oocyte
93
What two protective layers are formed around the oocyte?
The corona radiata (an outer layer of follicular/granulosis cells) and the zona pellucida (the transparent, thick glycoprotein membrane that surrounds the cells plasma membrane.)
94
What is the acrosomal reaction?
After the sperm burrows through the corona radiata, the sperm binds to receptors on the zona pellucida and the enzyme filled cap of the sperm called the acrosome releases the stored digestive enzymes, which clear a path for the sperm to make contact with the actual site
95
During implantation, what do the trophoblast secrete and what does it do?
They secrete human chorionic gonadotropin. This hormone directs the corpus luteum to survive, enlarge, and continue producing progesterone and estrogen to suppress menses.
