22-25 Flashcards
What kind of tissue is the renal fibrous capsule?
Dense, irregular connective tissue
What is the shock-absorbing layer of adipose tissue around the fibrous capsule of the kidney’s?
Renal fat pad
What is the renal hilum?
Entry and exit site for structure servicing the kidneys.
What are the arteries of the kidney from largest to smallest?
Renal, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular, afferent arterioles
What is the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule together
What blood vessels are mainly located in the renal cortex surrounding the nephron loop?
Vasa recta
What blood vessels are mainly located in the renal cortex surrounding the distal and proximal tubules?
Peritubular capillaries
After leaving the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, where does blood flow?
Interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein, vena cava
Of the two types of nephrons, which one is more abundant?
Cortical nephron composed 85% juxtamedullary nephrons compose 15%
Which of the two arterials going through the glomerular capsule is wider?
Afferent is wider than efferent
What is the name of the fluid entering the glomerular capsule and renal tubule?
Filtrate
What kind of capillaries make the glomerulus?
Fenestrated capillaries
What kind of cells are the filters in the glomerulus?
Podocytes
Where is a juxta glomerular apparatus found?
It is found where an afferent arteriole and a distal convoluted tubule meet
What happens at the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Macula densa cells, mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells cooperate to regulate blood volume and pressure
What are the four steps of urine formation?
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
Which part of the nephron is active in reabsorption? What does it resorb?
The proximal convoluted tubule. It resorbs, nutrients, electrolytes, and water.
What kind of cells make the proximal convoluted tubule?
Simple cuboidal epithelium with a lot of microvilli
What functions does the nephron loop perform?
Re-absorption of sodium, chloride, and water
What part of the nephron is active in secretion? What does it secrete?
The distal convoluted tubule. It secretes, potassium and hydrogen ions. It also has a variable absorption of sodium.
What kind of cells make the distal convoluted tubule?
Simple cuboid epithelium with few microvilli
When is filtrate considered urine?
When it leaves the collecting duct
What function does the collecting duct perform?
Variable reabsorption of water
What are the three layers of the walls of the ureters from inside to out?
Mucosa muscularis and adventitia
What structure funnels urine into the urethra as the bladder contracts?
The trigone
What are the four walls of the urinary bladder?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia
What ligament attaches the bladder to the interior abdominal wall?
Median umbilical ligament
What is the internal urethral sphincter?
Is thickening of the detrusor muscle that is involuntary smooth muscle and controlled by the autonomic nervous system
What is the external urethral sphincter?
A portion of the urogenital diaphragm made a skeletal muscle that is controlled by the somatic nervous system
What happens during micturition?
Stretcher receptors in the bladder are stimulated, internal and external urethral sphincters relax, detrusor muscle and abdominal muscles contract
What role do the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the nervous system play in urination?
Parasympathetic division stimulates it. Sympathetic division inhibits it.
What initiates puberty?
The hypothalamus increases secretion of Ganadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH)
What does GnRH do?
Stimulates the release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
Where are gonadotropins released from?
Anterior pituitary
What do gonadotropins stimulate?
The gonads to produce sex hormones
What is the outer layer of the ovaries?
Tunica albuginea
What is in the ovarian cortex?
Follicles (oocytes, surrounded by supportive cells.)