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Anatomy > 14: Endocrine > Flashcards

14: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that affect the release of other hormones

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3
Q

True or false: The endocrine can affect any cell in the body

A

True

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4
Q

What is an amine hormone?

A

Modified amino acid

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5
Q

What is a peptide hormone?

A

Short chains of linked amino acids

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6
Q

What is a protein hormone?

A

Long chain of linked amino acids

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7
Q

What is a steroid hormone?

A

Derived from the lipid cholesterol

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8
Q

What is the largest endocrine gland?

A

Thyroid gland

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9
Q

What is the name for the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

Hypohpysis

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10
Q

What does hypophysis refer to?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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11
Q

What is the name of the anterior pituitary gland? What kind of tissue is it?

A

Adenohypophysis

Glandular tissue

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12
Q

What is the name of the posterior pituitary gland? What kind of tissue is it?

A

Neurohypophysis

Nervous tissue

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13
Q

What is the name of the tract that the axon which end up in the neurohypophysis travel?

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal tract

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14
Q

The neurohypophysis does not produce hormones, what does it do?

A

stores and secretes hormones produced in the hypothalamus by neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. These hormones travel along the axons into storage sites in the axon terminals of the posterior pituitary. In response to electrical signals from the same hypothalamic neurons, the hormones are released from the axon terminals into the bloodstream.

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15
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)?

A

OT: Oxytocin

ADH: Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)

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16
Q

What organs does oxytocin (OT) target? What does it do?

A

Uterus and mammary gland

Uterine contractions and milk ejection

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17
Q

What organ does vasopressin (ADH) target? What does it do?

A

Kidney

Initiates water retention in kidney during dehydration.
Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction

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18
Q

The adenohypophysis does make hormones, but what regulates their secretion?

A

Hypothalamic hormones (releasing and inhibiting hormones)

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19
Q

How do the hypothalamic hormones reach the adenohypophysis for hormone regulation?

A

Through the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

Hypothalamus makes hormones -> they secrete into primary capillary plexus around hypothalamus -> travel through portal veins -> hormones enter anterior pituitary -> hormones released by anterior pituitary enter secondary capillary plexus -> circulation

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20
Q

What are the 7 hormones produced by the adenohypophysis? Which four are tropic?

A

Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)(Tropic)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)(Tropic)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)(Tropic)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)(Tropic)
Prolactin
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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21
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Triggers secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland

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22
Q

What organ does FSH target? What does it do?

A

Gonads

Stimulates growth of ovarian follicle; sperm production

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23
Q

What organ does LH target? What does it do?

A

Gonads

Stimulates productions of hormones

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24
Q

What organ does ACTH target? What does it do?

A

Adrenal cortex

Stimulates production of corticosteroids

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25
Q

What organ does prolactin target? What does it do?

A

Mammary glands

Milk production

26
Q

What organ does GH target? What does it do?

A

Skeletal muscle, bone, fat, etc.

Stimulates growth and metabolism

27
Q

What organ does MSH target? What does it do?

A

Melanocytes of epidermis

Stimulates production of melanin

28
Q

What organ does melatonin target? What does it do?

A

Brain

Circadian rhythm

29
Q

What organ do T3 and T4 target? What do they do?

A

Body cells

Increase metabolism

30
Q

What organ does calcitonin target? What does it do?

A

Bones

Decrease blood calcium

31
Q

What organ does the parathyroid hormone target? What does it do?

A

Bones

Increase blood calcium

32
Q

What organ do thymopoietin and thymosin target? What do they do?

A

Thymus

Stimulates T-lymphocytes growth and maturation

33
Q

What organ does aldosterone target? What does it do?

A

Kidney

Water and salt retention

34
Q

What organ does cortisol target? What does it do?

A

Liver

Responds to stress

35
Q

What organ do epinephrine and norepinephrine target? What do they do?

A

Body cells

Enhance sympathetic response

36
Q

What organ does glucagon target? What does it do?

A

Body cells, liver

Increase blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver

37
Q

What organ does insulin target? What does it do?

A

Body cells

Decrease blood glucose by stimulating body cells to take up and use glucose

38
Q

What organ does estrogen target? What does it do?

A

Ovary, uterus, mammary glands

Maturation of follicles, develop female reproductive structures

39
Q

What organ does progesterone target? What does it do?

A

Uterus

Stimulate growth of uterine lining

40
Q

What organ does testosterone target? What does it do?

A

Testis, prostate

Produce sperm, develop male reproductive structures

41
Q

What organ does renin target? What does it do?

A

Liver ( which forms angiotensinogen which forms aldosterone)

Stimulates formation of angiotensin

42
Q

What organ does ANP target? What does it do?

A

Kidney

Increase in sodium and water loss

43
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

44
Q

What hormones the thyroid produce?

A

T3, T4, Calcitonin

45
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone

46
Q

What hormones does the thymus produce?

A

Thymopoietin and thymosin

47
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Aldosterone and cortisol

48
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

49
Q

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

Glucagon and insulin

50
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

51
Q

What hormone do the testis produce?

A

Testosterone

52
Q

What hormone do the kidneys produce?

A

Renin

53
Q

What hormone does the heart produce?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

54
Q

The pineal gland is part of what structure?

A

Epithalamus

55
Q

What gland yellows and atrophies after puberty?

A

Thymus

56
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Posterior wall of abdominal cavity

57
Q

What pancreatic structure contains alpha and beta cells?

A

Islets of Langerhans

58
Q

What do pancreatic beta cells produce?

A

Insulin

59
Q

What do pancreatic alpha cells produce?

A

Glucagon

60
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

On top of the kidneys

Anatomy (22 decks)

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