14: Endocrine Flashcards
What are endocrine glands?
Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
What are tropic hormones?
Hormones that affect the release of other hormones
True or false: The endocrine can affect any cell in the body
True
What is an amine hormone?
Modified amino acid
What is a peptide hormone?
Short chains of linked amino acids
What is a protein hormone?
Long chain of linked amino acids
What is a steroid hormone?
Derived from the lipid cholesterol
What is the largest endocrine gland?
Thyroid gland
What is the name for the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
Hypohpysis
What does hypophysis refer to?
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
What is the name of the anterior pituitary gland? What kind of tissue is it?
Adenohypophysis
Glandular tissue
What is the name of the posterior pituitary gland? What kind of tissue is it?
Neurohypophysis
Nervous tissue
What is the name of the tract that the axon which end up in the neurohypophysis travel?
Hypothalamohypophyseal tract
The neurohypophysis does not produce hormones, what does it do?
stores and secretes hormones produced in the hypothalamus by neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. These hormones travel along the axons into storage sites in the axon terminals of the posterior pituitary. In response to electrical signals from the same hypothalamic neurons, the hormones are released from the axon terminals into the bloodstream.
What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)?
OT: Oxytocin
ADH: Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)
What organs does oxytocin (OT) target? What does it do?
Uterus and mammary gland
Uterine contractions and milk ejection
What organ does vasopressin (ADH) target? What does it do?
Kidney
Initiates water retention in kidney during dehydration.
Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction
The adenohypophysis does make hormones, but what regulates their secretion?
Hypothalamic hormones (releasing and inhibiting hormones)
How do the hypothalamic hormones reach the adenohypophysis for hormone regulation?
Through the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system
Hypothalamus makes hormones -> they secrete into primary capillary plexus around hypothalamus -> travel through portal veins -> hormones enter anterior pituitary -> hormones released by anterior pituitary enter secondary capillary plexus -> circulation
What are the 7 hormones produced by the adenohypophysis? Which four are tropic?
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)(Tropic)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)(Tropic)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)(Tropic)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)(Tropic)
Prolactin
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
What does TSH do?
Triggers secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland
What organ does FSH target? What does it do?
Gonads
Stimulates growth of ovarian follicle; sperm production
What organ does LH target? What does it do?
Gonads
Stimulates productions of hormones
What organ does ACTH target? What does it do?
Adrenal cortex
Stimulates production of corticosteroids
What organ does prolactin target? What does it do?
Mammary glands
Milk production
What organ does GH target? What does it do?
Skeletal muscle, bone, fat, etc.
Stimulates growth and metabolism
What organ does MSH target? What does it do?
Melanocytes of epidermis
Stimulates production of melanin
What organ does melatonin target? What does it do?
Brain
Circadian rhythm
What organ do T3 and T4 target? What do they do?
Body cells
Increase metabolism
What organ does calcitonin target? What does it do?
Bones
Decrease blood calcium
What organ does the parathyroid hormone target? What does it do?
Bones
Increase blood calcium
What organ do thymopoietin and thymosin target? What do they do?
Thymus
Stimulates T-lymphocytes growth and maturation
What organ does aldosterone target? What does it do?
Kidney
Water and salt retention
What organ does cortisol target? What does it do?
Liver
Responds to stress
What organ do epinephrine and norepinephrine target? What do they do?
Body cells
Enhance sympathetic response
What organ does glucagon target? What does it do?
Body cells, liver
Increase blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver
What organ does insulin target? What does it do?
Body cells
Decrease blood glucose by stimulating body cells to take up and use glucose
What organ does estrogen target? What does it do?
Ovary, uterus, mammary glands
Maturation of follicles, develop female reproductive structures
What organ does progesterone target? What does it do?
Uterus
Stimulate growth of uterine lining
What organ does testosterone target? What does it do?
Testis, prostate
Produce sperm, develop male reproductive structures
What organ does renin target? What does it do?
Liver ( which forms angiotensinogen which forms aldosterone)
Stimulates formation of angiotensin
What organ does ANP target? What does it do?
Kidney
Increase in sodium and water loss
What hormone does the pineal gland produce?
Melatonin
What hormones the thyroid produce?
T3, T4, Calcitonin
What hormone does the parathyroid produce?
Parathyroid hormone
What hormones does the thymus produce?
Thymopoietin and thymosin
What hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?
Aldosterone and cortisol
What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What hormones does the pancreas produce?
Glucagon and insulin
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
Estrogen and progesterone
What hormone do the testis produce?
Testosterone
What hormone do the kidneys produce?
Renin
What hormone does the heart produce?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
The pineal gland is part of what structure?
Epithalamus
What gland yellows and atrophies after puberty?
Thymus
Where is the pancreas located?
Posterior wall of abdominal cavity
What pancreatic structure contains alpha and beta cells?
Islets of Langerhans
What do pancreatic beta cells produce?
Insulin
What do pancreatic alpha cells produce?
Glucagon
Where are the adrenal glands?
On top of the kidneys
