30a. Latin to English

Question 1

1. As the form of the imperfect subjunctive is the present active infinitive plus personal endings, how can the pluperfect subjunctive active be easily recognized?

Answer 1

1. It is the perfect active infinitive (posuisse, etc.) + personal endings: posuissem, etc.

Question 2

2. As the pluperfect indicative passive is the perfect passive participle + eram (i.e. the imperfect indicative of sum), what parallel rule holds for the pluperfect subjunctive passive?

Answer 2

2. It is the perfect passive participle (positus, etc.) plus the imperfect subjunctive of sum: positus

Question 3

3. If “positus est” is the perfect indicative passive, what most naturally is “positus sit”?

Answer 3

3. Perfect subjunctive passive.

Question 4

4. What forms of the active indicative do the forms of the perfect subjunctive resemble in most instances?

Answer 4

4. the future perfect indicative (identical except in first person singular: laudāverim vs. laudāvero.

Question 5

5.1 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: ponerētur

Answer 5

5.1 imperfect passive, 3rd person singular.

Question 6

5.2 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: posuissem

Answer 6

5.2 pluperfect active, 1st person singular

Question 7

5.3 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: positi sint

Answer 7

5.3 perfect passive, 3rd person plural

Question 8

5.4 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: ponāmur

Answer 8

5.4 present passive, 1st person plural

Question 9

5.5 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: posuerint

Answer 9

5.5 perfect active, 3rd person plural

Question 10

5.6 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: ponerēmus

Answer 10

5.6 imperfect active, 1st person plural

Question 11

5.7 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: posuissētis

Answer 11

5.7 pluperfect active, 2nd person plural

Question 12

5.8 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: positus esset

Answer 12

5.8 pluperfect passive, 3rd person singular

Question 13

5.9 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: darent

Answer 13

5.9 imperfect active, 3rd person plural

Question 14

5.10 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: datī essēmus

Answer 14

5.10 pluperfect passive, 1st person plural

Question 15

5.11 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: det

Answer 15

5.11 present active, 3rd person singular

Question 16

5.12 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: datus sīs

Answer 16

5.12 perfect passive, 2nd person singular

Question 17

5.13 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: dedissēs

Answer 17

5.13 pluperfect active, 2nd person singular

Question 18

5.14 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: darētur

Answer 18

5.14 imperfect passive, 3rd person singular

Question 19

5.15 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: dederīmus

Answer 19

5.15 perfect active, 1st person plural

Question 20

5.16 State the tense, voice, person and number of this subjunctive form: dedissent

Answer 20

5.16 pluperfect active, 3rd person plural

Question 21

6.1 Name the primary tenses of the indicative.

Answer 21

6.1 present and future

Question 22

6.2 Name the primary tenses of the subjunctive.

Answer 22

6.2 present and perfect

Question 23

6.3 Name the historical (secondary) tenses of the indicative.

Answer 23

6.3 the past tenses

Question 24

6.4 Name the historical (secondary) tenses of the subjunctive.

Answer 24

6.4 imperfect and pluperfect

Question 25

7.1 What time does the present subjunctive indicate relative to that of a primary main verb?

Answer 25

7.1 the same time or time after (contemporaneous or subsequent)

Question 26

7.2 What time does the imperfect subjunctive indicate relative to that of a historical (secondary) main verb?

Answer 26

7.2 the same time or time after

Question 27

7.3 What time does the perfect subjunctive indicate relative to that of a primary main verb?

Answer 27

7.3 time before (prior)

Question 28

7.4 What time does the pluperfect subjunctive indicate relative to that of a historical (secondary) main verb?

Answer 28

7.4 time before (prior)

Question 29

8. Ubi dux est?

Answer 29

8. Where is the leader?

Question 30

8b Ubi dux fuit?

Answer 30

8b Where was the leader?

Question 31

9 Rogant ubi dux sit.

Answer 31

9 They ask where the leader is.

Question 32

9b. Rogant ubi dux fuerit.

Answer 32

9b. They ask where the leader was.

Question 33

10. Rogābant ubi dux esset.

Answer 33

10. They kept asking where the leader was.

Question 34

10b Rogābant ubi dux fuisset.

Answer 34

10b They kept asking where the leader had been.

Question 35

11. Rogabunt ubi dux sit.

Answer 35

11. They will ask where the leader is.

Question 36

11b. Rogabunt ubi dux fuerit.

Answer 36

11b. They will ask where the leader was.

Question 37

12. Nesciō ubi pecūnia posita sit.

Answer 37

12. I do not know where the money was put.

Question 38

13. Scīsne ubi pecūnia ponātur?

Answer 38

13. Do you know where the money is being put?

Question 39

14. Scīvērunt ubi pecūnia ponerētur.

Answer 39

14. They knew where the money was being put.

Question 40

15. Nescīvit ubi pecūnia posita esset.

Answer 40

15. He did not know where the money had been put.

Question 41

15a. Explain the syntax of nescīvit in: Nescīvit ubi pecūnia posita esset.

Answer 41

15a. posita esset is pluperfect subjunctive in an indirect question.

Question 42

16. Vōbīs dīcēmus cūr mīles hoc fēcerit.

Answer 42

16. We shall tell you (pl.) why the soldier did this.

Question 43

16b. Explain the syntax of fēcerit in: Vōbīs dīcēmus cūr mīles hoc fēcerit.

Answer 43

16b fēcerit is perfect subjunctive in an indirect question

Question 44

16c. Vōbīs dīcēmus cūr mīles hoc faciat.

Answer 44

16c. We shall tell you (pl.) why the soldier does this.

Question 45

17. Mihi dixērunt cūr mīles hoc fēcisset.

Answer 45

17. They told me why the soldier had done this.

Question 46

17b. Explain the syntax of fēcisset in: Mihi dixērunt cūr mīles hoc fēcisset.

Answer 46

17b. fēcisset is pluperfect subjunctive in an indirect question.

Question 47

17c. Mihi dīxērunt cūr mīles hoc faceret.

Answer 47

17c. They told me why the soldier was doing this.

Question 48

18. Dīc mihi quis vēnerit.

Answer 48

18. Tell me who came.

Question 49

18b. Explain the syntax of vēnerit in: Dīc mihi quis vēnerit.

Answer 49

18b. vēnerit is perfect subjunctive in an indirect question.

Question 50

18c. Dīc mihi quis veniat.

Answer 50

18c. Tell me who is coming.

Question 51

19. Ōrātor rogāvit cūr cēterī cīvēs haec cōnsilia nōn cognōvissent.

Answer 51

19. The orator asked why the other citizens had not learned these plans.

Question 52

20. Ducī nūntiāvimus cēterōs mīlitēs in illam terram fugere.

Answer 52

20. We announced to the leader that the other solders were fleeing into that land.

Question 53

20a. Explain the syntax of fugere in: Ducī nūntiāvimus cēterōs mīlitēs in illam terram fugere.

Answer 53

20a. fugere is present infinitive in indirect statement.

Question 54

20c. Ducī nūntiāvimus cēterōs mīlitēs in illam terram fūgisse.

Answer 54

20c. We announced to the leader that the other solders had fled into that land.

Question 55

21. Ducī nūntiāvimus in quam terram cēterī mīlitēs fugerent.

Answer 55

21. We announced to the leader into what land the other soldiers were fleeing.

Question 56

21b. Explain the syntax of fugerent in: Ducī nūntiāvimus in quam terram cēterī mīlitēs fugerent.

Answer 56

21b. fugerent is imperfect subjunctive in an indirect question.

Question 57

21c. Ducī nūntiāvimus in quam terram cēterī mīlitēs fūgissent.

Answer 57

21c. We announced to the leader into what land the other soldiers had fled.

Question 58

22. Audīvimus cīvēs tam fidēlēs esse ut rem pūblicam cōnservārent.

Answer 58

22. We heard that the citizens were so faithful that they preserved the state.

Question 59

22b. Explain the syntax of esse and cōnservārent in: Audīvimus cīvēs tam fidēlēs esse ut rem pūblicam cōnservārent.

Answer 59

22b. esse is present subjunctive in an indirect statement; cōnservārent is an imperfect subjunctive in a result clause.

Question 60

23. Audīvimus quid cīvēs fēcissent ut rem pūblicam cōnservārent.

Answer 60

23. We heard what the citizens had done to preserve the state.

Question 61

23b. Explain the syntax of fēcissent and cōnservārent in: Audīvimus quid cīvēs fēcissent ut rem pūblicam cōnservārent.

Answer 61

23b. fēcissent is pluperfect subjunctive in an indirect question; cōnservārent is is imperfect subjunctive in a purpose clause.

Question 62

24. Quaerēbant quōrum in rē pūblicā pāx invenīrī posset.

Answer 62

24. They kept inquiring in whose state peace could be found.

Question 63

24b Explain the syntax of posset in: Quaerēbant quōrum in rē pūblicā pāx invenīrī posset.

Answer 63

24b posset is imperfect subjunctive in an indirect question.

Question 64

25. Cognōvimus pācem in patriā eōrum nōn inventam esse.

Answer 64

25. We learned that peace had not been found in their country.

Question 65

25b. Explain the syntax of inventam esse: Cognōvimus pācem in patriā eōrum nōn inventam esse.

Answer 65

25b. inventam esse is perfect subjunctive in an indirect question.

Question 66

26. Illī stultī semper rogant quid sit melius quam imperium aut pecūnia.

Answer 66

26. Those foolish men always ask what is better than power or monday.

Question 67

26b. Explain the syntax of sit in: Illī stultī semper rogant quid sit melius quam imperium aut pecūnia.

Answer 67

26b. sit is present subjunctive in an indirect question.

Question 68

27. Nōs quidem putāmus pecūniam ipsam nōn esse malam; …

Answer 68

27. We certainly think that money itself is not bad:

Question 69

27b sed crēdimus vēritātem et lībertātem et amīcitiam esse meliōrēs et maiōrēs.

Answer 69

27b but we believe that truth and liberty and friendship are better and greater.

Question 70

27c. Explain the syntax of esse in: sed crēdimus vēritātem et lībertātem et amīcitiam esse meliōrēs et maiōrēs.

Answer 70

27c. esse is a present infinitive in indirect statement.

Question 71

28. Haec cupimus ut vītam pulchriōrem agāmus; …

Answer 71

28. These things we desire so that we may live a finer life;

Question 72

28b. Explain the syntax of agāmus in: Haec cupimus ut vītam pulchriōrem agāmus;

Answer 72

28b. agāmus is present subjunctive in a purpose clause.

Question 73

28b nam pecūnia sōla et imperium possunt hominēs dūrōs facere, ut fēlicēs nōn sint.

Answer 73

28c for money alone and power can make men harsh, so that they are not happy.

Question 74

28c. Explain the syntax of sint in: nam pecūnia sōla et imperium possunt hominēs dūrōs facere, ut fēlicēs nōn sint.

Answer 74

28d. sint is present subjunctive in a result clause.

Question 75

29. Dēnique omnia expōnat ut iam comprehendātis quanta scelera contrā rem pūblicam commissa sunt.

Answer 75

29. Finally, let him explain all things so that you (pl.) may now understand what great crimes have been commited against the republic.

Question 76

29b Explain the syntax of expōnat, comprehendātis and commissa sunt in: Dēnique omnia expōnat ut iam comprehendātis quanta scelera contrā rem pūblicam commissa sunt.

Answer 76

29b expōnat is a present jussive subjunctive; comprehendātis is present subjunctive in a purpose clasuse; commissa sint is present subjunctive in an indirect question.