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30 - Sleep + Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness

A

The ability to react appropriately

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2
Q

What is an EEG

A

Very small voltages recorded from the scalp

Used to record average activity of many thousands of nerve cells

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3
Q

What is the best use of EEGs

A

used to detect seizure activity or sleep/coma

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4
Q

What does a desynchronised appearance show in an EEG

A

When individual neurons are firing out of phase with each other

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5
Q

What part of the brain mediates consciousness

A

Cerebral cortex

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6
Q

What processes occur in normal (slow wave sleep/non rem sleep_

A

gh release
long bone growth
wound repair
cortisol decreases

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7
Q

When is melatonin released and where from

A

Released in sleep

from the pineal gland

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8
Q

Function of melatonin

A

free radical scavenger
maintains GABA function
prevents seizures in the brai

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9
Q

How many stages of sleep are there

A 
4 normal stages
1 paradoxical (REM ) stage
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10
Q

What does slow wave activity indicate

A

Synchronisation of cortical activity

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11
Q

What does more synchronisation of cortical activity mean

A

Less conscious individual

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12
Q

Where is the control centre for sleep and wakefulness

A

Reticular formation of Pons

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13
Q

Function of neurones in pons

A

Keep us awake and alert

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14
Q

When are the neurones in the pons switched off

A

During sleep

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15
Q

What modulates the pontine centres

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

Where is the BBB leaky

A

around the medial and ventrolateral preoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus

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17
Q

What is the effect of Ghrelin on sleep

A

Inhibitory action

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18
Q

What is the effect of CCK on sleep

A

Increases sleepiness

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19
Q

What is the effect of adenosine on sleep

A

Increase sleepiness

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20
Q

Action of caffine

A

Antagonist at A1 adenosine receptors

21
Q

When are histaminergic neurons active

A

Active during waking

Silent during sleep

22
Q

How does the preoptic nuclei regulate sleep

A

Modulating activity of TMN histaminergic neurones

23
Q

What is the input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

24
Q

What is the function of the SCN

A

Regulation of the diurnal rhythm of sleep

25
Where does the SCN project to
tuberomamillary nucleus
26
What do lesions in the SCN cause
destruction of diurnal sleep rhythms | still sleep - but irregular patterns
27
Function of Orexins (hypocretins)
Maintain wakefulness
28
Cause of narcolepsy
Loss of orexin containing neurones by autoimmune attack from T-lymphocytes
29
Where are orexin cell bodies found
Posterior hypothalamus
30
What do orexins do
They project to various nuclei in the brainstem to stimulate release of acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine. --> promote wakefulness
31
2 hypothalamic systems that control wakefulness
Histamine neurones of the tuberomamillary nucleus | Orexin neurones of the posterior thalamus
32
What causes sleep onset
Signals from pre-optic nuclei and SCN inhibit histamine and orexin neurones Stops excitatory drive to the monoamine neurones of the pontine reticular formation
33
Where are dopaminergic cells found
Ventral tegmental area
34
Where are cholinergic cells found
Pedunculopontine n - project to thalamus | Nucleus basalis- sends cholinergic axons to all parts of the cerebral cortex
35
Where are noradrenergic cells found
Locus coeruleus
36
Where are serotonin cells
Raphe nuclei
37
Activity of Ach during sleep
INCREASES in REM sleep
38
Function of Ach
Enables thalamic and cortical programs to operate
39
Activity of NA in sleep
Drops LOW | Central NA - Alertness and attention
40
Activity of serotonin in sleep
Activity of 5HT STOP
41
What can SSRIs do to sleep
Decrease in sleep efficacy as increased 5HT
42
Activity of Dopamine in sleep
Low level Allows for smooth movement in nigrostriatum Allows for alertness and focus - mesolimbic and mesocortical
43
What drugs prevent sleep + why
Amphetamine Cocaine continuously release dopamine and NA
44
Function of REM sleep
Memory consolidation removal of junk coping with life's stresses
45
Affect of TCAs on sleep
Promote sleep | Block H1 and NA reuptake
46
Affect of MAOIs on sleep
Decrease sleep | Increase dopamine, NA, 5HT
47
Insomnia treatment
Antihistamines - Nytol Benzodiazapines - Diazepam Zopiclone - Z drugs
48
Sleep apnea
Motor disconnection during REM does not avoid resp system Stop breathing when start dreaming Muscles of throat relax Cause of SIDS

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