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BB2 > 30 - Sleep + Consciousness > Flashcards

30 - Sleep + Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness

A

The ability to react appropriately

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2
Q

What is an EEG

A

Very small voltages recorded from the scalp

Used to record average activity of many thousands of nerve cells

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3
Q

What is the best use of EEGs

A

used to detect seizure activity or sleep/coma

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4
Q

What does a desynchronised appearance show in an EEG

A

When individual neurons are firing out of phase with each other

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5
Q

What part of the brain mediates consciousness

A

Cerebral cortex

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6
Q

What processes occur in normal (slow wave sleep/non rem sleep_

A

gh release
long bone growth
wound repair
cortisol decreases

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7
Q

When is melatonin released and where from

A

Released in sleep

from the pineal gland

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8
Q

Function of melatonin

A

free radical scavenger
maintains GABA function
prevents seizures in the brai

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9
Q

How many stages of sleep are there

A 
4 normal stages
1 paradoxical (REM ) stage
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10
Q

What does slow wave activity indicate

A

Synchronisation of cortical activity

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11
Q

What does more synchronisation of cortical activity mean

A

Less conscious individual

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12
Q

Where is the control centre for sleep and wakefulness

A

Reticular formation of Pons

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13
Q

Function of neurones in pons

A

Keep us awake and alert

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14
Q

When are the neurones in the pons switched off

A

During sleep

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15
Q

What modulates the pontine centres

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

Where is the BBB leaky

A

around the medial and ventrolateral preoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus

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17
Q

What is the effect of Ghrelin on sleep

A

Inhibitory action

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18
Q

What is the effect of CCK on sleep

A

Increases sleepiness

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19
Q

What is the effect of adenosine on sleep

A

Increase sleepiness

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20
Q

Action of caffine

A

Antagonist at A1 adenosine receptors

21
Q

When are histaminergic neurons active

A

Active during waking

Silent during sleep

22
Q

How does the preoptic nuclei regulate sleep

A

Modulating activity of TMN histaminergic neurones

23
Q

What is the input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Retina

24
Q

What is the function of the SCN

A

Regulation of the diurnal rhythm of sleep

25
Q

Where does the SCN project to

A

tuberomamillary nucleus

26
Q

What do lesions in the SCN cause

A

destruction of diurnal sleep rhythms

still sleep - but irregular patterns

27
Q

Function of Orexins (hypocretins)

A

Maintain wakefulness

28
Q

Cause of narcolepsy

A

Loss of orexin containing neurones by autoimmune attack from T-lymphocytes

29
Q

Where are orexin cell bodies found

A

Posterior hypothalamus

30
Q

What do orexins do

A

They project to various nuclei in the brainstem to stimulate release of acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine. –> promote wakefulness

31
Q

2 hypothalamic systems that control wakefulness

A

Histamine neurones of the tuberomamillary nucleus

Orexin neurones of the posterior thalamus

32
Q

What causes sleep onset

A

Signals from pre-optic nuclei and SCN inhibit histamine and orexin neurones
Stops excitatory drive to the monoamine neurones of the pontine reticular formation

33
Q

Where are dopaminergic cells found

A

Ventral tegmental area

34
Q

Where are cholinergic cells found

A

Pedunculopontine n - project to thalamus

Nucleus basalis- sends cholinergic axons to all parts of the cerebral cortex

35
Q

Where are noradrenergic cells found

A

Locus coeruleus

36
Q

Where are serotonin cells

A

Raphe nuclei

37
Q

Activity of Ach during sleep

A

INCREASES in REM sleep

38
Q

Function of Ach

A

Enables thalamic and cortical programs to operate

39
Q

Activity of NA in sleep

A

Drops LOW

Central NA - Alertness and attention

40
Q

Activity of serotonin in sleep

A

Activity of 5HT STOP

41
Q

What can SSRIs do to sleep

A

Decrease in sleep efficacy as increased 5HT

42
Q

Activity of Dopamine in sleep

A

Low level
Allows for smooth movement in nigrostriatum
Allows for alertness and focus - mesolimbic and mesocortical

43
Q

What drugs prevent sleep + why

A

Amphetamine
Cocaine
continuously release dopamine and NA

44
Q

Function of REM sleep

A

Memory consolidation
removal of junk
coping with life’s stresses

45
Q

Affect of TCAs on sleep

A

Promote sleep

Block H1 and NA reuptake

46
Q

Affect of MAOIs on sleep

A

Decrease sleep

Increase dopamine, NA, 5HT

47
Q

Insomnia treatment

A

Antihistamines - Nytol
Benzodiazapines - Diazepam
Zopiclone - Z drugs

48
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Motor disconnection during REM does not avoid resp system
Stop breathing when start dreaming
Muscles of throat relax
Cause of SIDS

BB2 (27 decks)

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