Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BB2 > 2 - Neurodegeneration in the Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

2 - Neurodegeneration in the Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology of Parkinsons

A

Loss of dopaminergic cells (black) in substantia nigra pars compacta
Presence in neurons of Lewy bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lewy bodies

A

Intracellular formations enriched in the protein α-synuclein

Also found in dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Striatum

A

Caudate and Putamen

Inhibitory to thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Direct Pathway

A

Gpi –> Thalamus –> Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Indirect Pathway

A

Gpe –> STN –> Gpi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens in the pathways in parkinsons

A

Indirect pathway much more active and direct pathway less active
Thalamus inhibited so Less excitatory drive to the motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Imaging

A

Dopaminergic cell loss via Dopamine transporter imaging (DaT0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can you use to label the projections of DaT scan

A

SPECT ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Motor features of parkinsons

A

o Resting tremor, bradykinesia (akinesia), rigidity
o Frozen facial expression
o Flexed posture
o Altered gait and postural changes
o Difficulty in initiating and stopping movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Non-motor features

A 
	olfactory dysfunction
	depression
	psychotic symptoms
	cognitive dysfunction
	dementia (late phase)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many years do non motor symptoms precede parkinsonian motor symptoms

A

12-15 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you score parkinsosn

A

Schwab and England Activities of Daily living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most common genes associated with parkinsosn

A

LRRK2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which gene codes for protein alpha-synuclein

A

SNCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MPTP

A

A drug which is metabolised into MPP+ which is neurotoxic to do dopaminergic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What no. complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain when dysfunctioned can lead to oxidative stress

A

Complex I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the precursors of dopamine

A

Ltyrosine -> L-Dopa -> dopamine

18
Q

What is dopamine oxidised to

A

Dopamine -> DOPAC -> Homovannilic acid

19
Q

What are the 3 dopaminergic pathways in the CNS

A

 Mesocortical
 Mesolimbic
 Nigrostriatal

20
Q

Dopamine receptors

21
Q

D1 receptor subtypes

22
Q

D2 receptor subtypes

23
Q

L-DOPA

24
Q

What is LDOPA combined with

A

DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor

25
Q

DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor

A

Carbidopa

Benserazide

26
Q

Adverse effects of L-DOPA

A

Nausea, impulse control disorders, postural HT
On off effect, wearing off
dyskinesia, dystonia

27
Q

Dopaminergic Agonists

A

ropinirole, pramipexole, rotigotine, pergolide, bromocriptine, cabergoline

28
Q

Rotigotine

A

Transdermal Patch

29
Q

Apomorphine

30
Q

MAOB inhibitors

A

• Rasagiline, selegiline

31
Q

Anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) compounds

A

Orphenadrine, procyclidine, trihexyphenidyl

32
Q

COMT inhibitors

A

• entacapone, tolcapon

33
Q

Which drugs can induce cardiac fibrosis

A

pergolide, cabergoline, bromocriptine

34
Q

Which chromosome is protein huntingin on

35
Q

What codon are the abnormal repeats (in huntingtons)

A

CAG

Glutamine

36
Q

What is the pathology of huntingtons

A

degeneration of striatal neurons
cortical atrophy
Loss of medium size spiny neurons (striato-pallidal and striato-nigral pathways)
Intranuclear inclusions of huntingtin

37
Q

Cause of neurodegeneration in huntingtons

A

Excitotoxicity
Aggregates of huntingtin
Increased oxidative stress

38
Q

Why is there increased drive to the motor cortex in huntingtons

A

Destruction of striatum so both direct and indirect pathways are lost
Increased thalamic drive so Increased drive to motor cortex

39
Q

Symptoms of huntingotns

A

Choreic movements
gait abnormalities
lack of coordination
cognitive impairment

40
Q

Vesicular amine transporter inhibitor

HUNTINGTONS

A

tetrabenazine

41
Q

haloperidol, olanzapine

A

Anti-dopaminergic drugs to treat huntingotns

42
Q

Antidepressants for huntingtons

A

imipramine, amitriptyline

BB2 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions