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BB2 > 16 - Drug Dependence > Flashcards

16 - Drug Dependence Flashcards

1
Q

Addiction

A

Chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences

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2
Q

Drug Abuse

A

users consume the substance in amounts or using methods which are directly or indirectly harmful to themselves or others

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3
Q

Drug Dependence

A

an adaptive state that develops after repeated drug use and which results in withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of drug use

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4
Q

Drug Tolerance

A

the diminishing effect of a drug which results after repeated administration at a set dose

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5
Q

Psychological dependence

A

dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g. dysphoria, depression, anhedonia, restlessness)

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6
Q

Physical dependence

A

dependence that involves significant physical–somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g. fatigue, nausea, seizures, pain, delirium tremens)

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7
Q

What is the molecular target for Cocaine

A

DA
NAd
5HT uptake systems

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8
Q

What is the molecular target for amphetamine

A

Monoaminergic transmission

uptake systems

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9
Q

What is the molecular target for Ethanol

A

GABAa and NMDA receptors

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10
Q

What is the molecular target for Ket and phencyclidine

A

NMDA glutamate receptors

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11
Q

Reward circuits in the brain in drug dependence

A

Dopaminergic projection from the ventral tegmental area  nucleus accumbens (Ventral Striatum) is essential in drug-dependence

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12
Q

Stages of addiction

A

Intoxication
Binging
Withdrawal
Craving

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13
Q

What is the opioid peptide that is upregulated in drug withdrawal

A

Dynorphin

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14
Q

Effect of dynorphin

A

Activates kappa opiod receptors

Triggers dysphoria by reducing dopamine release

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15
Q

What processes are associated with the PFC (these are impaired in addicts)

A

o Self control, motivation, working memory, awareness and insight, learning and memory, emotional regulation

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16
Q

Which gene isoforms are more expressed in chronic drug use

A

FosB

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17
Q

What is hazardous drinking

A

> 5 units a day for male

>3 units a day female

18
Q

Acute alcohol intoxication

A

Euphoria followed by depressive mood
slurring of speech
ataxia
pupil dilation

19
Q

What neuronal effects does alcohol have

A

Depressed excitatory transmission and potentiated inhibitory transmission

20
Q

Long term effects of alcohol

A

Shrinkage of grey matter
acute GI haemorrhage
pancreatitis
Hepatitis

21
Q

Methylene Dioxymethamphetamine

A

MDMA

Ecstasy

22
Q

MDMA cellular targets

A 
5HT uptake system
Dopamine uptake system
5HT2 receptors
H2 receptors
a2 adrenergic receptors
23
Q

What does 5HT release do to MDMA

A

Mediates the behavioural actions

24
Q

What are temperature effects of MDMA dependent on

A

5HT

25
Q

Acute MDMA toxicity

A

Body temperature elevation
Rhabdomyolysis
Hyponatraemia

26
Q

What can block rhabdomyolysis

A

Dantrolene

27
Q

THC

A

T9 tetrahydrocannabinol

28
Q

CB1 receptors

A

CNS

Mainly presynaptic - modulate glutamate and GABA

29
Q

CB2 receptors

A

Peripheral organs

associated with the immune system

30
Q

Modes of action of cannabinoids

A

neuromodulators

mainly inhibitory

31
Q

Risks of cannabinoids

A

Schizophrenia
depression
gateway drug
memory problems

32
Q

Cannabidiol

A

major non-psychotropic cannabinoid compound present in the plant

33
Q

Nabilone

A

synthetic analogue of THC

34
Q

Sativex

A

product which combines THC and CBD 1:1)  Has medical properties

35
Q

Cannador

A

product which combines THC and CBD 2:1)

36
Q

Long term effects of a cocaine/crack addiction

A

CVS issues - MI and stroke
Cognitive decline
Psychotic symptoms
Major depression and anxiety

37
Q

Steps in management of addiction

A 
Detoxification
Psychological support
Medication
Evaluation and treatment of mental health problems
Long-term follow up
38
Q

Nalmefene

A

Opioid antagonist used for reduction of alcohol consumption

39
Q

What drugs can be given to alcoholics

A

Thiamine
SSRIs
Dusulfram
Benzodiazepines

40
Q

Varenicline

A

α4β2 selective partial agonist at nicotinic receptors
Can be used for nicotine addiction
but SE

41
Q

Methadone

A

can be given to opioid addicts (heroin)

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