3- Neoplasia Flashcards by Reema Almutairi

What is the grade of greatly similar to the parent tissue ?

Well differentiated (Grade I)

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What is the grade of moderately similar to parent tissue ?

Moderately differentiated (Grade II)

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What is the grade of poorly similar to parent tissue ?

Poorly differentiated (Grade III)

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What is the grade of Not similar to parent

tissue ?

Uundifferentiated (Grade IV, anaplastic carcinoma)

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What is the greater important prognostic value than grading ?

Staging

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What is the Effects of Tumor on Host ?

1- Hormone production
2- Anemia
3- Fever

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What is the cancer of Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ?

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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What is the cancer of Carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA ) ?

Carcinoma of colon

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What is tje cancer of Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) ?

Prostate carcinoma

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What is the cancer of CA 15-3 ?

Breast carcinoma

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Small cell carcinoma of lung secrets ?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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Squamous cell carcinoma of lung secrets ?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein

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Renal cell carcinoma secrets ?

Erythropoietin

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Hepatocellular carcinoma secrets?

Erythropoietin

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carcinoma of the pancreas secrets ?

Tumor products ( mucins that activate clotting)

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What is the LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF NEOPLASIA ?

1- Biopsy specimens
2- Fine-needle aspiration
3- Cytological Examination

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What is the definition of Staging of Cancer ?

the degree (extent) of the spread of the tumor

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Staging of cancers is usually determined by ?

1- Clinical examination

2- Radiological examination

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Staging has ?

greater important prognostic value than grading.

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Cancer Cachexia: (wasting disease) it is ?

irreversible catabolic reaction

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Give example of LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF NEOPLASIA ?

1- Biopsy specimens

2- Fine-needle aspiration

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What is the uses of Tumor Markers ?

1- diagnosis
2- screening
3- response to therapy
4- detecting recurrence

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What is the cancer of CA 15-3 ?

Breast carcinoma

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What is the cancer of CA 19-9 ?

Pancreatic carcinoma

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What is the cancer of CA125 ?

Surface ovarian carcinoma

sarcomas have ?

poorer prognosis than carcinomas

Superficial tumors are ?

1- diagnosed earlier | 2- treated easier

Superficial tumors are diagnosed earlier & treated easier than ?

deeply seated tumors and brain tumors.

Well differentiated tumors grow ?

grow slower than poorly differentiated ones.

tumors with lymph node or blood spread have ?

poor prognosis

What is the cellular factors of immune response ?

1- cytotoxic T cells | 2- natural killer (NK) cells

Patients with immunodeficiency states are ?

more susceptible to develop tumors with bad prognosis

patients with AIDS may develop → tumors as ?

lymphomas & Kaposi sarcoma.

What is the hormone receptor is much better ?

hormone receptor positive tumor is much better than a hormone receptor negative tumor.

What is the methods of treatment of malignant tumors ?

1- surgery 2- chemotherapy 3- irradiation

The efficiency of …….is of great importance in prognosis.

surgery

What is the Steps Involved in Carcinogenesis ?

1- lnitiation (Initiators) | 2- Promotion (Promotors):

What is the Chemical Carcinogens that require no metabolic conversion ?

Direct-acting chemical carcinogens

What is the Chemical Carcinogens that require metabolic conversion ?

Indirect-acting chemical carcinogens

Give Examples of some important environmental carcinogens and neoplasms they may cause ?

1- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause lung cancer | 2- Benzene cause leukemia

What is the Physical Carcinogen ?

1- Ultraviolet rays | 2- Ionizing radiations

Ultraviolet rays cuse ?

skin cancer

Ionizing radiations : may cause ?

1- Leukemias 2- Thyroid cancer 3- Lung cancer

Exmple of RNA oncogenic viruses ?

human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-l) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

Example of DNA oncogenic viruses ?

1- Hepatitis B and C virus ( causes hepatocellular carcinoma) 2- Human papilloma virus (HPV- 16,18) ( causes Cervical cancer ) 3- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ( causes Burkitt lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma )

Hepatitis B and C virus → causes ?

hepatocellular carcinoma

Human papilloma virus (HPV- 16,18) → causes ?

Cervical cancer

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) → causes ?

Burkitt lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal | carcinoma

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) causes ?

gastric carcinoma

Example of Autosomal dominant cancer syndromes ?

1- Retinoblastoma | 2- Familial polyposis coli

Leukoplakia ?

↑ risk of squamous cell carcinoma

Some Benign Tumors ?

colorectal carcinoma

Persistent regenerative cell replication : as ?

liver cirrhosis → Hepatocellular carcinoma

What is the Second leading cause of death in the United States ?

Cancer

What is the most common Cancers in childhood

1- Wilms tumor | 2- Bone Tumors

Japan, the death rate from ……. is seven-fold higher than the United States

gastric cancer

What is the cancer is more than two-fold greater in the United States than in Japan ?

lung cancer

require no metabolic conversion ?

Direct-acting chemical carcinogens

These require metabolic conversion ?

Indirect-acting chemical carcinogens (procarcinogens)

Indirect-acting chemical carcinogens (procarcinogens) most commonly through ?

cytochrome P-450

What is the environmental carcinogens that cause lung cancer ?

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

What in is the environmental carcinogens that cuase urinary bladder cancer in workers in aniline dye industry ?

Aromatic azo dyes

What is the environmental carcinogens that cuase leukemia in chemical-industry workers ?

Benzene

What is the environmental carcinogens that cause gastric cancer ?

Nitrites

What is the environmental carcinogens that cause liver cancer ?

Aflatoxin B1

Aflatoxin B1 is toxin produced by ?

Aspergillus flavus

Asbestos may cause ?

mesothelioma

Give example of RNA oncogenic viruses ?

human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-l) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

Give example of DNA oncogenic viruses ?

1- Hepatitis B and C virus 2- Human papilloma virus (HPV- 16,18) 3- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Hepatitis B and C virus → causes ?

hepatocellular carcinoma

Human papilloma virus (HPV- 16,18) → causes ?

Cervical cancer

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) → causes ?

Burkitt lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) cause of ?

chronic gastritis & peptic ulcers

point mutation inactivates RB suppressor gene on chromosome 13 ?

Retinoblastoma

Familial polyposis coli cause ?

colonic cancer

Xeroderma pigmentosum leads to ?

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma

Example of Familial cancer syndromes ?

carcinomas of breast

What is the most common Cancers in childhood ?

1- Burkitt's lymphoma 2- Wilms tumor 3- Bone Tumors

What is the cancer thayt in Japan is seven-fold higher than the United States ?

gastric cancer

What is the cancer in the United States that two-fold greater than Japan ?

lung cancer