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Path ( + A ) > 3- Neoplasia > Flashcards

3- Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the grade of greatly similar to the parent tissue ?

A

Well differentiated (Grade I)

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2
Q

What is the grade of moderately similar to parent tissue ?

A

Moderately differentiated (Grade II)

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3
Q

What is the grade of poorly similar to parent tissue ?

A

Poorly differentiated (Grade III)

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4
Q

What is the grade of Not similar to parent

tissue ?

A

Uundifferentiated (Grade IV, anaplastic carcinoma)

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5
Q

What is the greater important prognostic value than grading ?

A

Staging

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6
Q

What is the Effects of Tumor on Host ?

A

1- Hormone production
2- Anemia
3- Fever

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7
Q

What is the cancer of Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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8
Q

What is the cancer of Carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA ) ?

A

Carcinoma of colon

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9
Q

What is tje cancer of Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) ?

A

Prostate carcinoma

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10
Q

What is the cancer of CA 15-3 ?

A

Breast carcinoma

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11
Q

Small cell carcinoma of lung secrets ?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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12
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of lung secrets ?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein

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13
Q

Renal cell carcinoma secrets ?

A

Erythropoietin

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14
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma secrets?

A

Erythropoietin

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15
Q

carcinoma of the pancreas secrets ?

A

Tumor products ( mucins that activate clotting)

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16
Q

What is the LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF NEOPLASIA ?

A

1- Biopsy specimens
2- Fine-needle aspiration
3- Cytological Examination

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17
Q

What is the definition of Staging of Cancer ?

A

the degree (extent) of the spread of the tumor

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18
Q

Staging of cancers is usually determined by ?

A

1- Clinical examination

2- Radiological examination

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19
Q

Staging has ?

A

greater important prognostic value than grading.

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20
Q

Cancer Cachexia: (wasting disease) it is ?

A

irreversible catabolic reaction

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21
Q

Give example of LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF NEOPLASIA ?

A

1- Biopsy specimens

2- Fine-needle aspiration

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22
Q

What is the uses of Tumor Markers ?

A

1- diagnosis
2- screening
3- response to therapy
4- detecting recurrence

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23
Q

What is the cancer of CA 15-3 ?

A

Breast carcinoma

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24
Q

What is the cancer of CA 19-9 ?

A

Pancreatic carcinoma

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25
Q

What is the cancer of CA125 ?

A

Surface ovarian carcinoma

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26
Q

sarcomas have ?

A

poorer prognosis than carcinomas

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27
Q

Superficial tumors are ?

A

1- diagnosed earlier

2- treated easier

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28
Q

Superficial tumors are diagnosed earlier & treated easier than ?

A

deeply seated tumors and brain tumors.

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29
Q

Well differentiated tumors grow ?

A

grow slower than poorly differentiated ones.

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30
Q

tumors with lymph node or blood spread have ?

A

poor prognosis

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31
Q

What is the cellular factors of immune response ?

A

1- cytotoxic T cells

2- natural killer (NK) cells

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32
Q

Patients with immunodeficiency states are ?

A

more susceptible to develop tumors with bad prognosis

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33
Q

patients with AIDS may develop → tumors as ?

A

lymphomas & Kaposi sarcoma.

34
Q

What is the hormone receptor is much better ?

A

hormone receptor positive tumor is much better than a hormone receptor negative tumor.

35
Q

What is the methods of treatment of malignant tumors ?

A

1- surgery
2- chemotherapy
3- irradiation

36
Q

The efficiency of …….is of great importance in prognosis.

A

surgery

37
Q

What is the Steps Involved in Carcinogenesis ?

A

1- lnitiation (Initiators)

2- Promotion (Promotors):

38
Q

What is the Chemical Carcinogens that require no metabolic conversion ?

A

Direct-acting chemical carcinogens

39
Q

What is the Chemical Carcinogens that require metabolic conversion ?

A

Indirect-acting chemical carcinogens

40
Q

Give Examples of some important environmental carcinogens and neoplasms they may cause ?

A

1- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause lung cancer

2- Benzene cause leukemia

41
Q

What is the Physical Carcinogen ?

A

1- Ultraviolet rays

2- Ionizing radiations

42
Q

Ultraviolet rays cuse ?

A

skin cancer

43
Q

Ionizing radiations : may cause ?

A

1- Leukemias
2- Thyroid cancer
3- Lung cancer

44
Q

Exmple of RNA oncogenic viruses ?

A

human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-l) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

45
Q

Example of DNA oncogenic viruses ?

A

1- Hepatitis B and C virus ( causes hepatocellular carcinoma)
2- Human papilloma virus (HPV- 16,18) ( causes Cervical cancer )
3- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ( causes Burkitt lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal
carcinoma )

46
Q

Hepatitis B and C virus → causes ?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

47
Q

Human papilloma virus (HPV- 16,18) → causes ?

A

Cervical cancer

48
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) → causes ?

A

Burkitt lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal

carcinoma

49
Q

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) causes ?

A

gastric carcinoma

50
Q

Example of Autosomal dominant cancer syndromes ?

A

1- Retinoblastoma

2- Familial polyposis coli

51
Q

Leukoplakia ?

A

↑ risk of squamous cell carcinoma

52
Q

Some Benign Tumors ?

A

colorectal carcinoma

53
Q

Persistent regenerative cell replication : as ?

A

liver cirrhosis → Hepatocellular carcinoma

54
Q

What is the Second leading cause of death in the United States ?

A

Cancer

55
Q

What is the most common Cancers in childhood

A

1- Wilms tumor

2- Bone Tumors

56
Q

Japan, the death rate from ……. is seven-fold higher than the United States

A

gastric cancer

57
Q

What is the cancer is more than two-fold greater in the United States than in Japan ?

A

lung cancer

58
Q

require no metabolic conversion ?

A

Direct-acting chemical carcinogens

59
Q

These require metabolic conversion ?

A

Indirect-acting chemical carcinogens (procarcinogens)

60
Q

Indirect-acting chemical carcinogens (procarcinogens) most commonly through ?

A

cytochrome P-450

61
Q

What is the environmental carcinogens that cause lung cancer ?

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

62
Q

What in is the environmental carcinogens that cuase urinary bladder cancer in workers in aniline dye industry ?

A

Aromatic azo dyes

63
Q

What is the environmental carcinogens that cuase leukemia in chemical-industry workers ?

A

Benzene

64
Q

What is the environmental carcinogens that cause gastric cancer ?

A

Nitrites

65
Q

What is the environmental carcinogens that cause liver cancer ?

A

Aflatoxin B1

66
Q

Aflatoxin B1 is toxin produced by ?

A

Aspergillus flavus

67
Q

Asbestos may cause ?

A

mesothelioma

68
Q

Give example of RNA oncogenic viruses ?

A

human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-l) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

69
Q

Give example of DNA oncogenic viruses ?

A

1- Hepatitis B and C virus
2- Human papilloma virus (HPV- 16,18)
3- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

70
Q

Hepatitis B and C virus → causes ?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

71
Q

Human papilloma virus (HPV- 16,18) → causes ?

A

Cervical cancer

72
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) → causes ?

A

Burkitt lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

73
Q

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) cause of ?

A

chronic gastritis & peptic ulcers

74
Q

point mutation inactivates RB suppressor gene on chromosome 13 ?

A

Retinoblastoma

75
Q

Familial polyposis coli cause ?

A

colonic cancer

76
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum leads to ?

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma

77
Q

Example of Familial cancer syndromes ?

A

carcinomas of breast

78
Q

What is the most common Cancers in childhood ?

A

1- Burkitt’s lymphoma
2- Wilms tumor
3- Bone Tumors

79
Q

What is the cancer thayt in Japan is seven-fold higher than the United States ?

A

gastric cancer

80
Q

What is the cancer in the United States that two-fold greater than Japan ?

A

lung cancer

Path ( + A ) (23 decks)

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