2S [LEC]: Parathyroid Glands & Adrenal Glands Flashcards
Small, pea-sized glands located near or attached to the thyroid gland in the neck
Parathyroid glands
Effect of parathyroid hormone on calcium
Increased
What promotes calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestine?
Activated vitamin D
What promotes calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion in the kidneys?
Parathyroid hormone
Major cell responsible in the production and secretion of parathyroid hormone
Chief cells
Supporting cells in the parathyroid gland
Oxyphil cells
Cells that produce calcitonin
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
A condition where the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is inactivated due to mutation, causing extracellular calcium levels
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH)
Substance which enhances calcium absorption in the loop of Henle, increasing calcium levels
Lithium carbonate
An ion deficiency that causes tetany, a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms
Calcium deficiency
Hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that lowers calcium level through promoting bone formation
Calcitonin
A method that detects biologically active PTH by its ability to induce formation of cAMP
CAP assay (cAMP inducible PTH)
PTH assay done in cancer-mediated hypercalcemia
PTHrP assay
Calcium level that leads to tetany and altered neuromuscular activity
<8 mg/dL (2.0 mmol/L)
Calcium level that leads to laryngeal stridor, a noisy or high-pitched breathing sound caused by a partial obstruction in the upper airway
<6 mg/dL (1.5 mmol/L)
Calcium level that leads to tonic-clonal, focal motor, atypical absence, and akinetic seizures
<6 mg/dL (1.5 mmol/L)
Adrenal glands are also called ___
Suprarenal glands
Small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney
Adrenal glands
Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is primarily involved in gluconeogenesis
Cortisol
Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is involved in salt homesotasis
Aldosterone
Neuroendocrine cells primarily found in the adrenal medulla, responsible for producing and storing catecholamines
Chromaffin cells
Principal regulator of electrolyte balance
Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Major determinant of the renal excretion of potassium
Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
The synthesis of mineralocorticoid is controlled by the ___
RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
Ratio of sodium to potassium exchange promoted by mineralocorticoid
1:1
Only hormone known to inhibit the anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH by negative fedback
Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
Enhances glucose production from CHONs, acting as insulin antagonist
Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
Stimulates lipolysis and depress immune responses
Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
Transport protein of cortisol
Transcortin/ Cortisol-binding globulin
Which of the following is/are urinary metabolite/s of the cortisol that is/are measured in the urine:
i. 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG)
ii. 17-hydrocorticosteroids (17-OHCS)
iii. 17-ketogenic steroids (17-KS)
iv. VMA & HVA
ii, iii
i is for norepinephrine
iv is for catecholamine
Weak androgens
Adrenal androgens
Byproduct of cortisol synthesis that are regulated by ACTH
Adrenal androgens
Serve as precursors for the production of more potent androgens and estrogens in tissue
Adrenal androgens
Adrenal androgens circulate through binding with ___
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
Principal adrenal androgen
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Precursors of androgens
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
DHEA-S
How many percent of the female testosterone are produced from DHEA and DHEA-S?
40%
How many percent of the male testosterone are produced from DHEA and DHEA-S?
5%
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the principal adrenal androgen, is converted to ___
Estrone
The principal medullary hormone
Epinephrine
Called the “fight or flight” hormone
Epinephrine
Glucose metabolism regulated by epinephrine
Glycogenolysis
Best sample collection method for epinephrine determination
Indwelling catheter
Ratio of norepinephrine to epinephrine in serum
9:1
How many percent of catecholamines are bound to protein?
50%
Highest secretion of norepinephrine is found in the ___
Brain
Acts as a neurotransmitter in both CNS and sympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine
Which of the following is/are urinary metabolite/s of the norepinephrine that is/are measured in the urine:
i. 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG)
ii. 17-hydrocorticosteroids (17-OHCS)
iii. 17-ketogenic steroids (17-KS)
iv. VMA & HVA
i
Major intact catecholamines present in the urine
Dopamine
The highest concentration of dopamine is present where?
Brain
Mobilize energy stored and prepare the body for muscular activity and stressful conditions
Dopamine
Sample of choice for catecholamine determination
24-hour urine
Major medullary metabolite of catecholamines
Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA)
Which of the following is/are minor metabolite/s or catecholamines:
i. Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA)
ii. Homovanillic acid (HVA)
iii. metanephrines
iv. normetanephrines
ii, iii, iv
A group of clinical entities that arise from absent or diminished activity of enzymes involved in steroidogenesis
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Level of cortisol and aldosterone in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Low
Sodium level in patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Low
Potassium level in patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
High
Most common enzyme deficiency in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
21B-Hydroxylase
What enzyme is increased in 21B-Hydroxylase deficiency?
17-hydroxyprogesterone
What enzyme is increased in 11B-hydroxylase deficiency?
11-deoxycorticostirone
What hormone is increased in 17a-Hydroxylase deficiency?
Aldosterone
What hormone is increased in 3B-HSDII deficiency?
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
A rare disorder characterized by insufficient production of adrenal hormones
Addison’s disease
A condition often triggered by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands
Addison’s disease
Aldosterone level in Addison’s disease
Low
Cortisol level in Addison’s disease
Low
Renin level in Addison’s disease
High (as a feedback to low sodium and aldosterone)
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Addison’s disease
Sodium level in Addison’s disease
Low
A condition characterized by the overproduction of aldosterone hormone by the adrenal glands
Conn’s disease
Aldosterone level in Conn’s disease
High
Cortisol level in Conn’s disease
Normal
Renin level in Conn’s disease
Low (in response to high aldosterone and sodium)
T/F: Secondary hyperaldosteronism is caused by a problem in the pituitary gland
False (aldosterone is controlled by RAAS, not pituitary gland)
T/F: Secondary hyperpituitarism can also manifest with normal TSH
True
A condition characterized by the enlargement of breast tissue in males, typically due to an imbalance between estrogen and testosterone levels
Gynecomastia
Elevated plasma androgen in women as a result of ovarian or adrenal tumor
Virilism or Hirsutism
Most potent androgen
Testosterone
Catecholamine-secreting tumor arising from the chromaffin cells
Pheochromocytoma
Part of the adrenal glands affected by Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal Medulla
Cells that produce catecholamines
Chromaffin cells
Catecholamine level in the case of pheochromocytoma
High
A diagnostic tool used to help identify pheochromocytoma, which aims to determine if the body’s catecholamine production is suppressed
Clonidine Suppression Test
Result of Clonidine Suppression Test in pheochromocytoma
Not suppressed
Fatal malignant condition in children in which cancer of the nervous system causes excess production of norepinephrine
Neuroblastoma
Diagnostic test for neurblastoma
24-hour urine VMA or HVA
Medical condition that manifests as black eyes, lump in the abdomen, and weakness or paralysis
Neuroblastoma
