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MT6324 > 2S [LEC]: Electrolytes > Flashcards

2S [LEC]: Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Ions capable of carrying electric charge

A

Electrolytes

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2
Q

A substance that dissociates into ions in solution and acquires the capacity to conduct electricity

A

Electrolytes

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3
Q

Which electrolytes are responsible in volume and osmotic regulation?

i. Na
ii. Mg
iii. PO4
iv. K
v. Cl
vi. Ca

A

i, iv, v

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4
Q

Which electrolytes are responsible in myocardial rhythm and contractility?

i. Na
ii. Mg
iii. PO4
iv. K
v. Cl
vi. Ca

A

iv, ii, vi

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5
Q

Which electrolytes can act as cofactors in enzyme activation?

i. Na
ii. Mg
iii. Zn
iv. K
v. Cl
vi. Ca

A

ii, iii, vi (pwede rin ang Cl for amylase)

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6
Q

Electrolyte responsible in the regulation of ATPase ion pumps

A

Mg

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7
Q

Electrolytes responsible in acid-base balance

i. Na
ii. Mg
iii. PO4
iv. K
v. Cl
vi. Ca

A

i, iv, v

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8
Q

Electrolytes responsible in blood coagulation

i. Na
ii. Mg
iii. PO4
iv. K
v. Cl
vi. Ca

A

ii, vi

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9
Q

Electrolytes responsible in neuromuscular excitability

i. Na
ii. Mg
iii. PO4
iv. K
v. Cl
vi. Ca

A

ii, iv, vi

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10
Q

Major extracellular cation

A

Na

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11
Q

Osmolality active cation

A

Na

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12
Q

Electrolyte that is used as a treatment for arrythmia

A

Ca

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13
Q

Electrolytes that are used a cofactors for ALP

A

Mn, Mg

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14
Q

Also known as coagulation factor IV

A

Ca

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15
Q

Electrolyte cofactor of amylase

A

Ca, Cl

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16
Q

How many Na molecules are pumped out as the ATP is converted into ADP?

A

3

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17
Q

How many K molecules are pumped in as the ATP is converted into ADP?

A

2

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18
Q

Level of K in acidosis

A

High

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19
Q

Level of K in alkalosis

A

Low

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20
Q

Electrolyte responsible for the production and use of ATP from glucose

A

Mg

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21
Q

How many percent of the total body weight is water?

A

40-75%

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22
Q

How much of the plasma is water?

A

93%

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23
Q

Physical property of solution that is based on concentration of solutes

A

Osmolality

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24
Q

Most osmometers use which colligative properties?

A

Freezing point depression
Vapor pressure

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25
Q

Physiological response the regulates osmolality

A

Thirst
Secretion of AVP

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26
Q

Major hormone systems that contribute to the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance in the body

A

AVP/ ADH (for water retention)
RAAS (for sodium retention)

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27
Q

Increases tubule permeability to water so more is reabsorbed into the circulation

A

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) hormone

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28
Q

Regulates total concentration of blood through water balance

A

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) hormone

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29
Q

Parts of the nephron that are responsible for water reabsorption

A

Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

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30
Q

How much osmolality increase is needed to trigger the hypothalamus to produce AVP?

A

1-2%

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31
Q

How much AVP is produced when the hypothalamus is triggered due to increased osmolality

A

4-fold increase

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32
Q

Released from the myocardial atria and promotes sodium excretion in the kidney

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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33
Q

Where is the brain natriuretic peptide found?

A

In the heart

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34
Q

The sodium retention hormone

A

Aldosterone

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35
Q

Angiotensinogen is synthesized in which organ?

36
Q

90% of the extracellular cation

37
Q

What is the effect of potassium deficiency in sodium level?

A

Decreased (since K will be conserved and there will be no exchange)

38
Q

What is the effect of high cholesterol in sodium readings?

A

Falsely low (if indirect ISE is used)

39
Q

Colorimetric method used in sodium determination

A

Suderman & Delory

40
Q

Reagent used in Suderman & Delory

A

Zinc uranyl acetate

41
Q

In flame emission spectrophotometry, what will be the color of chloride?

A

Intense yellow

42
Q

In Suderman & Delory method of chloride determination, what is the byproduct of Na precipitation?

A

Triple salt (sodium magnesium uranyl acetate)

43
Q

Electrode used in ISE if chloride is being measured

A

Glass membrane

44
Q

Primary intracellular cation

45
Q

Which hormone promotes acute entry of potassium into the skeletal muscle and liver by increasing Na, K, ATPase activity?

46
Q

Which catecholamine impairs cellular entry?

A

Propanolol

47
Q

Which catecholamine promote cellular entry?

A

Epinephrine

48
Q

Exercise increases potassium levels by how much?

A

0.3 to 1.2 mmol/L

49
Q

Reference range of potassium

A

3.5-5.1 mmol/L

50
Q

Reference range of sodium

A

135-145 mmol/L

51
Q

Potassium level in Addison’s disease

52
Q

Effect of insulin overdose in potassium level

53
Q

Colorimetric method of potassium determination

54
Q

Reagent used in Hoffman colorimetric method of potassium determination

A

Sodium tetraphenylboron/ Sodium cobaltnitrite

55
Q

T/F: In Hoffman colorimetric determination of potassium, the blue color is proportional to the K concentration

A

False (turbidity is proportional to the K concentration)

56
Q

In flame emission spectrophotometry, what will be the color of potassium?

57
Q

Electrode used in ISE if potassium is being measured

A

Valinomycin

58
Q

Inner electrolyte solution used in ISE if potassium is being measured

59
Q

Reference range of chloride

A

98-107 mmol/L

60
Q

Mercurimetric titration method in chloride determination

A

Schales and schales

61
Q

In Schales and Schales method of chloride determination, the formation of soluble HgCl is due to excess mercury combining with diphenylcarbazone to form what color?

62
Q

What reagent is used in the colorimetric method of chloride determination

A

Mercuric thiocyanate and ferric nitrate

63
Q

In the colorimetric method of chloride determination, what color is the formed complex?

64
Q

Electrode used in ISE if chloride is being measured

A

Silver wire coated with AgCl

65
Q

2nd most abundant intracellular cation

66
Q

Which hormone increases renal reabsorption of Mg and enhances its intestinal absorption?

67
Q

Hormones that increase renal excretion of Mg

A

Aldosterone
Thyroxine

68
Q

Reference range for Mg

A

0.63 - 1.0 mmol/L

69
Q

Colorimetric method of Mg determination based on the production of reddish violet complex

70
Q

What reagent minimizes the effects of serum proteins in colorimetric method of Mg determination?

A

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

71
Q

Most abundant mineral element in the body

72
Q

Hormone stimulated by a decrease in ionized calcium, and suppressed with increased ionized calcium

73
Q

Hormone that increases calcium absorption in the intestine

A

VitD (Cholecalciferol)

74
Q

Hormone that inhibits the action of both PTH and VitD

A

Calcitonin

75
Q

In calcium determination in urine, what is used to acidify the sample?

76
Q

Gold standard for vitamin D determination

A

High Performance Layer Chromatography

77
Q

Method used in PTH and calcitonin determination

A

Radioimmunoassay

78
Q

How many percent of phosphorus is combined with calcium in the bones?

79
Q

Involved in the intermediary metabolism of the carbohydrate component of nucleosides and ATP

A

Phosphorus/ Phosphates

80
Q

Important in structural integrity of cell membrane, surfactant furnishing to the lungs

A

Phosphorus/ Phosphates

81
Q

Effect of PTH in phosphate

A

Decrease (promotes phosphate excretion)

82
Q

Whic hormone increases intestine absorption and kidney reabsorption of phosphate?

83
Q

Which hormone increase tubular reabsorption of phosphate?

A

Growth hormone

84
Q

Colorimetric method of phosphate determination that uses TCA filtrate of the specimen

A

Fiske-Subbarow

85
Q

In the colorimetric method of phosphate determination, what complex is formed?

A

Phosphomolybdate complex

86
Q

In the enzymatic approach of phosphate determination, the phosphate group is incorporated into either ___ or ___ forming the corresponding phosphorylated derivative

A

Carbohydrate
Nucleoside

MT6324 (25 decks)

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