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APS > 2.8 Psychological Factors > Flashcards

2.8 Psychological Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Attitudes

A

can form through experience, social influence, education, conditioning processes, and observation

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2
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

our beliefs don’t line up with your actions
Many people know that smoking is bad for their health, however, they continue to do so

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3
Q

Cognitive Consistency

A
  1. changing our actions OR our attitude/thoughts to relive discomfort
  2. smokers may decide smoking is valubale than health and make it worth it
  3. reduced dissonanse and ocntinued bad behaviour
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4
Q

Types of Attitude

A

Implicit
Explicit

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5
Q

Implicit

A
  • Attitude is unconscious and we aren’t aware of expressing it.
  • Police are portrayed as intimidating in the media, so we slow down when we see a police car
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6
Q

Explicit

A

Attitude is conscious and you express it intentionally
Ex. Fatima wears a Nirvana T-shirt because they are her favourite band and she wants to show this off

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7
Q

Can Attitudes be Changed?

A

Consistency Theories
Learning Theories
Functional Theories

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8
Q

Consistency Theory

A

humans strive for consistency between their attitudes (thoughts) and their behaviour
To change one’s attitude, inconsistency needs to be created between attitude and behaviour
- for example, someone who has ana ttitude of racist becomes friends with a black person. This creates inconsisiteny. they have an attitude of open midness and create consisitency

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9
Q

Learning Theory

A
  • We learn to behave through interactions that occur within our environment.
  • Classical conditioning
  • A learned response to a stimulus
  • Example: Hearing the lunch bell ring and immediately getting hungry for lunch
  • Operant conditioning
  • Strengthening a behaviour with positive or negative reinforcement
  • Example: You don’t study for a test, your phone gets taken away, you start to study more
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10
Q

Functional Theory

A
  • looks at the reason for the attitude
  • In order to change your attitude about something, think about what the purpose might be
  • Example: Many students hate uniforms, but they are usually worn in schools for safety.
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11
Q

Neurotic Disorders

A
  • minor psychiatric conditions
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Obsessions
  • Phobias
  • Causes - learned behaviours or genetics
  • Treatments - therapy, medications, self-care techniques
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12
Q

Psychotic Disorders

A
  • Mental disorders that cause abnormal perceptions (often delusions and hallucinations)
  • Schizophrenia
  • Treated through medication and psychotherapy
  • Common from late teens to early thirties
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13
Q

PTSD

A
  • Anxiety disorder where a person relives a traumatic event through recurrent memories (flashbacks, nightmares).
  • Other problems often occur because of attempts to cope:
  • Alcoholism
  • Drug abuse
  • Insomnia
  • Depression
  • Aggression
  • Treatments - cognitive processing therapy, medications
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14
Q

ADHD

A
  • Brain based issue, which is expressed through physical behaviours:
  • Inattention
  • Impulsiveness
  • Overactivity
  • Causes: Genetics, some researchers believe diet, mothers who smoke and consume alcohol while pregnant
  • Treatments: Behavioural interventions, medications, improves with age
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15
Q

Motivation

A
  • the need or desire to do something - the focus is on how someone is motivated.
  • Psychologists have offered various theories in an attempt to understand motivation such as:
  • Biological factors or genetics
  • Cognitive reasoning
  • Achievement motivation
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16
Q

Motivation - Biological Factors

A

Drive Reduction Theory
Psychodynamic Theory

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17
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A
  • our instincts (which are natural and unlearned) motivate our behaviour (thirst, hunger).
  • Example: hunger or the need to use the washroom is a force that may drive us to get up in the morning.
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18
Q

Psychodynamic Theory

A
  1. unconscious drive to survive and avoid death
  2. Example: instinctually putting your hands down when you fall to save yourself from getting hurt
19
Q

Cognitive Factors

A

Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation

20
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A
  • motivation comes from within you (feels good)
  • Example: Participating in your school sports team because it’s fun and you enjoy it.
21
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A
  • motivation comes from potential external rewards (money, recognition from others)
  • Example: Participating in your school sports team because you want the approval of a certain person in your life.
22
Q

Achievement Motivation

A
  • Each of us has a need to master certain skills and to achieve certain goals
  • some extrsutive motivation but no biological motivation
  • Psychologists believe humans have a universal drive called “striving for perfection”
  • Urge to achieve our full potential
  • Self-actualization
  • Example:
  • You’re striving to become student council president
23
Q

Categorizing Personality

A

Personality is one’s expression of their characteristics through their thoughts, feelings and actions.

introverted
People who direct their interests inwards.
1 in 5 people are introverted
Introverts recharge or obtain energy when spending time alone
Introverts find it draining to be around people all of the time

Extroverted
People who direct their interests outwards
Extroverts find their energy from other people
Feel drained after spending too much time alone

24
Q

Predicting Personality – The Big Five

A

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extroversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

25
Q

Perfectionism

A
  • Can be both a positive and negative personality trait
  • Refers to people who set unreasonably high standards and then become miserable when they do not achieve them.
  • This is NOT like striving for excellence (setting attainable goals and learning from mistakes)
  • Can lead to depression, anxiety, frustration, lower self-esteem
  • Procrastination is often a symptom
26
Q

Birth Order

A
  • Personality changes according to birth order
  • Frist born: responsible, organized, perfectionsit, natural leaders, need higher education
  • Second born: compromising, loyal, secretive (by feeling forgotten), mediate jobs
  • Lats born: ateention-seeking, charming, affectionate, people person, oudoor and atristic job
  • Only child: slef motivated, high acheivers, need high education
27
Q

What is Social Thinking?

A

The ways in which we think about or justify the behaviours of others.

28
Q

Attribution Theory

A
  • the idea that as humans we either attribute someone’s behaviour to their environment or their disposition (personality traits, feelings, emotions).
  • Given this, your interpretation of a person’s behaviour can be different then your friends point of view
29
Q

internal attribution and external attribution

A

Maria’s car breaks down on the freeway. If she believes the breakdown happened because of her ignorance about cars, she is making an internal attribution. If she believes that the breakdown happened because her car is old, she is making an external attribution.

30
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A
  • overestimating the influence of personal disposition (personality, traits, emotions), without acknowledging environmental influences
  • Example: When you phone someone and they don’t answer, you attribute it to their personality, without considering the possible circumstances:
  • Wifi is out
  • They are at work
31
Q

Stereotypes

A

Stereotypes influence the ways in which we behave and interact with others.
beliefs about individuals or groups that may not accurately reflect reality.
Men are stronger than women

32
Q

Positive Attraction

A

The idea that…
* Thinking positively attracts positive things.
* Negative thinking attracts negative results.
* Your thinking manifests itself in positive or negative results because you attract people and things similar to you.
* Example: If you think you will do poorly on a test, you may be unmotivated to study and you may be nervous when taking the test, and you will likely get a poor grade

33
Q

Behavioural Change Model

A
  • Psychologists Carlo DiClemente and James Prochaska have identified five stages of change.
  • Precontemplation - haven’t acknowledged the problem in behaviour (denial)
  • Contemplation - acknowledges the behaviour, but doesn’t know how to fix it
  • Preparation - commits to change and develops a plan of action
  • Action - changes behaviour
  • Maintenance - keeps new, stable behaviour
34
Q

Negativity bias

A

is when bad news or events tend to have more impact than good ones. The impacts extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. For example If you’re stuck at home because you didn’t clean your room, you’re probably not too happy with your parents, and you certainly won’t find the intrinsic motivation to clean it the next time.

35
Q

nature vs nuture: Psychological Influences on Behaviour - Motivation

A
  • Motivation through “gut feeling” suggests our unconscious mind is influential in making decisions.
  • It’s impossible to tell if these are innate feelings we’ve had since birth or internalized messages from our environment…it really is impossible to detangle __Nature___ and ____Nuture__ when it comes to these gut feelings.
36
Q

nature vs nuture: Psychological Influences on Behaviour - Attitude

A

We form attitudes through cognitive dissonance, when our behaviour and attitudes don’t match it’s uncomfortable and we often change our attitudes to correspond with our actions. Therefore our attitude is affected by both ___Nature___ and __Nuture____.

37
Q

nature vs nuture: Psychological Influences on Behaviour - Mental Health

A
  • mental illnesses (depression and anxiety for example) have a hereditary component, linking them to __Nature___
  • The mental illnesses such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder are the direct result of trauma caused in our environment, which is clearly __Nuture___ .
38
Q

Openness

A
  • imaginative/independent vs. practical/conforming
39
Q

Conscientiousness

A
  • organized/careful vs. disorganized/careless
40
Q

Extroversion

A
  • outgoing/energetic vs. reserved
41
Q

Agreeableness

A
  • friendly/helpful vs. cold/unkind
42
Q

Neuroticism

A
  • anxious/insecure vs. calm/secure
43
Q
A

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