2.3 Psychology Schools of Thought

Question 1

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud’s theory that all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood, and that childhood and the experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life

Question 2

Unconscious

Answer 2

information processing in our mind that we are not aware of; according to Freud, it holds our unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories; according to Jung, it includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all

Question 3

Cognition

Answer 3

the mental processes in the brain associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering

Question 4

Conscious

Answer 4

information that we are always aware of; our conscious mind performs the thinking when we take in new information

Question 5

Ego

Answer 5

Freud’s term for the rational part of the mind, which operates on the reality principle→ often suppresses the impulses of the id→ It’s challenging to balance the demands of the impulsive id and the moral superego.

Question 6

Id

Answer 6

Freud’s term for the instinctual part of the mind, which operates on the pleasure principle→ instinctual part of the brain

Question 7

Superego

Answer 7

Freud’s term for the moral centre of the mind → the moral centre/conscience

Question 8

Defense mechanism

Answer 8

the ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety

Question 9

Repression

Answer 9

the ego’s way of distorting/changing
reality to deal with anxiety

Question 10

Denial

Answer 10

a defense mechanism where someone refuses to acknowledge something painful

Question 11

Displacement

Answer 11

A shift in emotion from the original target to another object, person or situation

Question 12

Free association

Answer 12

A psychoanalysis method where the patient relaxes and says whatever is on their mind

Question 13

Projection

Answer 13

a defense mechanism where someone gives their own feelings onto someone else

Question 14

What makes us human according to psychodynamic theory

Answer 14

• Believes that our human functioning is based upon the unconscious mind being the key to understanding human behaviour and relationships
• id, ego, superego
• Childhood experiences impact our behaviour/thoughts later in life
• Humans have an unconscious mind that influences our conscious feelings/actions, etc
• Our ability to have complex conflicts between id, ego, superego

Question 15

Unconditioned response

Answer 15

the natural response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 16

a stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Question 17

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 17

an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditional stimulus

Question 18

Conditioned response

Answer 18

the learned response to previously neutral stimulus

Question 19

Classical conditioning

Answer 19

a type of learning where
a once neutral stimulus
comes to produce a
particular response after
pairings with a conditioned
stimulus

Question 20

Operant conditioning

Answer 20

a type of learning that uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behavior

Question 21

Extinction

Answer 21

In operant conditioning, it’s the fading of a learned response when it’s not reinforced

Question 22

What makes us human according to behavioural psychology

Answer 22

• Human behaviour is learned
• We learn how to behave based on the responses we receive in our environment
• We learn how to behave based on observing how other’s (parent, peers, people in the media) behave

Question 23

Self-actualization

Answer 23

reaching one’s full potential; occurs only after basic physical and psychological needs are met

Question 24

Logotherapy

Answer 24

type of psychotherapy that helps patients find their life’s purpose and meaning, without focusing on mental health aspect

Question 25

Client-centred therapy

Answer 25

a humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client plays an active role

Question 26

What makes us human according to humanist psychology

Answer 26

• Inclination to seek meaning from life
• Desire to reach full potential

Question 27

What makes us human according to cognitive psychology

Answer 27

• Learn behaviour based on interaction and imitation
• Mental processes are orderly, predictable
• We all learn and retain knowledge in similar structured ways
• Our internal mental processes have rules and patterns

Question 28

Karen Horney

Answer 28

• Believed that development is lifelong and not fixed in childhood
• disagreed that personality is based on sexual conflicts in childhood and that his theories did not represent females well
• Founder of feminist psychology
• Argued that women were pushed by society and culture to depend on men for both love and status, since without a husband and children, they had little value in society
• Highlights the gender bias that exists in traditional psychological theories and offers alternative theories to counter those biases and promote new thinking

Question 29

B.F. Skinner

Answer 29

• developed true behaviourism
• Concerned with only observable behaviours
• Used rats and pigeons - how the use of punishment and rewards can influence behavior→ became known as operant conditioning

Question 30

Abraham Maslow

Answer 30

• Wanted to understand how people achieved the status of having reached their full potential
• Most known for his Hierarchy of Needs to describe his theory of motivation
• Based this theory on observing clients rather than on experimentation
• Explains that basic needs must be fulfilled before higher-order needs become important

Question 31

Albert Bandura

Answer 31

• People learn behavior by watching and then imitating others
• Bobo doll experiment
• Children watched a video in which an adult acted aggressively towards a rubber Bobo doll by hitting, punching, kicking, and even striking it with a mallet
• Allowed the children, one at a time, to interact with the doll
• Other aggressive and non aggressive toys were also provided in the room
• Instead of their aggression being let out by watching the the adult, the children behaved just as aggressively

Question 32

Sigmund Freud

Answer 32

• Developed concept of consciousness as consisting of id, ego, superego
• Believed that human personality results from the ego’s efforts to resolve conflict between the id, ego, and superego

Question 33

ivan Pavlov

Answer 33

• Dog experiment. They drool when you put food in their mouth.
• Rang and bell and gave food
• Over time they would drool when they heard the bell
• His research has led to scientific belief that classical conditioning is one way that nearly all organisms learn to adapt to their environment