24 - Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Plane (Gliding)
- nonaxial
- allows slight movement
- Carpal à carpal
- tarsal à tarsal
- Vertebral facets
Hinge
- monaxial
- flexion and extension
Examples: • elbow joint • ankle joint • knee joint • interphalagyeal • Temporomandibular Joint
Pivot
- monaxial
- rotation
Examples
• Axis & atlas
• proximal radial/ulnar joint
Condyloid (Ellipsoid)
- biaxial
- flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction
Example:
• radius à carpal bones (Radiocarpal joint)
Saddle
- biaxial
- flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and rotation
Example:
• Thumb joint (carpal à metacarpal bone)
Ball and socket
- Triaxial or multiaxial
- flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and rotation
Examples:
• shoulder joint
• hip joint
Nonsynovial
the bones are united by fibrous tissue or cartilage and are immovable
Synovial
freely movable as they have bones that are separated from each other and are enclosed in a joint cavity
Avasular Cartilage
(in synovial joints) a layer of resilient cartilage covers the surface of opposing bones
Ligaments
fibrous bands, bone to bone
a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
A Bursa
enclosed sac filled with viscous synovial fluid. reduce friction between moving parts in your body’s joints
Abduction
the movement of a limb or other body part away from the medial line of the body (caused by the contraction of an abductor muscle).
Adduction
the movement of a limb or other body part toward the medial line of the body (caused by the contraction of an adductor muscle).
Flexion
a bending movement that decreases the angle between articulating bones (caused by the contraction of a flexor muscle).
Dorsiflexion
the toes point upward, (as when you stand on your heels)
Plantar flexion
the toes point downward, (as when you stand on “tiptoe”).
Extension
a bending movement that increases the angle between articulating bones; straightening or extending a limb (caused by the contraction of an extensor muscle)
Hyperextension
the continuation of extension beyond anatomical position.
Rotation
the movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis without lateral displacement of the body part.
Circumduction
the movement in which one end of a limb remains relatively stationary while the distal end of the limb moves in a circle.
Pronation
the movement of the hand from a palm-up to a palm-down (prone) position. This term can also refer to movements that place the body in a face-down (prone) position.
Supination
the movement of the hand from a palm-down to a palm-up (supine) position. This term can also refer to movements that place the body in a face-up (lying on the back) position.
Eversion
the movement in which the soles are turned outward (laterally).
Inversion
the movement in which the soles of the foot turn inward (medially).
Dislocation
one more more bones in a joing being out of positon
Subluxation
partial dislocation of a joing
Contracture
shortnening of a muscle leading to limited ROM
Ankylosis
stiffness or fixation of a joint
Articular Dieas:
inflammation of synovial tissue of joints and other tissues
produces swelling and tenderness around the whole joint, limits active/passive ROM in all planes
Extra-articular diease
[rpdices swelling and tenderness to that one spot in joint and affects ROM in only certain planes, especially during voluntary motion
Crepitation
an audible and palpable crunching or grating that accompanies movement. Occurs when articular surfaces of joints are roughened as in rheumatoid arthritis
Phalen Test
hold both hands back to back whie flexing wrists 90 degrees.
Normal: Acute flexion of wrists for 60sec produces no symptoms.
Abdornal: numbness and burning ex. In carpal tunnel syndrome
Tinel’s Sign
direct percussion of the location of the median nerve at wrist.
Normal: no symptoms.
Abnormal: burning and tingling sensation ex. In carpal tunnel syndrome
Bulge Sign
examiner stroked upwards with the edge of the hand on the medial side of the knee to drain the fluid proximal to the patella. The examiner then proceeded to push the fluid inferiorly into the lateral aspect of the knee
Abnormal: fluid bulges out of the medial hollow
Ballottement Test
examiner would apply downward pressure towards the foot with one hand, while pushing the patella backwards against the femur with one finger of the opposite hand.
Abnormal: when tapping patella a click sound heard
McMurry Test
Patient supine, hold the knee flexed and move it around
Abnormal: a “click” is heard –> meniscal tear
Lesegue Test
Straight leg raise
raise the affected/unaffecterd leg. keep legs extended.
abnormal: sciatic pain –> herniated disk
Kernig’s Sign
Patient supine, hold the knee flexed then extend it.
Abnormal: pain/resistance in hamstring –> meniginal irritation
