24 - Musculoskeletal

Question 1

Plane (Gliding)

Answer 1

• nonaxial
• allows slight movement
• Carpal à carpal
• tarsal à tarsal
• Vertebral facets

Question 2

Hinge

Answer 2

• monaxial
• flexion and extension

Examples:
• elbow joint
• ankle joint
• knee joint
• interphalagyeal
• Temporomandibular Joint

Question 3

Pivot

Answer 3

• monaxial
• rotation

Examples
• Axis & atlas
• proximal radial/ulnar joint

Question 4

Condyloid (Ellipsoid)

Answer 4

• biaxial
• flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction

Example:
• radius à carpal bones (Radiocarpal joint)

Question 5

Saddle

Answer 5

• biaxial
• flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and rotation

Example:
• Thumb joint (carpal à metacarpal bone)

Question 6

Ball and socket

Answer 6

• Triaxial or multiaxial
• flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and rotation

Examples:
• shoulder joint
• hip joint

Question 7

Nonsynovial

Answer 7

the bones are united by fibrous tissue or cartilage and are immovable

Question 8

Synovial

Answer 8

freely movable as they have bones that are separated from each other and are enclosed in a joint cavity

Question 9

Avasular Cartilage

Answer 9

(in synovial joints) a layer of resilient cartilage covers the surface of opposing bones

Question 10

Ligaments

Answer 10

fibrous bands, bone to bone

a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.

Question 11

A Bursa

Answer 11

enclosed sac filled with viscous synovial fluid. reduce friction between moving parts in your body’s joints

Question 12

Abduction

Answer 12

the movement of a limb or other body part away from the medial line of the body (caused by the contraction of an abductor muscle).

Question 13

Adduction

Answer 13

the movement of a limb or other body part toward the medial line of the body (caused by the contraction of an adductor muscle).

Question 14

Flexion

Answer 14

a bending movement that decreases the angle between articulating bones (caused by the contraction of a flexor muscle).

Question 15

Dorsiflexion

Answer 15

the toes point upward, (as when you stand on your heels)

Question 16

Plantar flexion

Answer 16

the toes point downward, (as when you stand on “tiptoe”).

Question 17

Extension

Answer 17

a bending movement that increases the angle between articulating bones; straightening or extending a limb (caused by the contraction of an extensor muscle)

Question 18

Hyperextension

Answer 18

the continuation of extension beyond anatomical position.

Question 19

Rotation

Answer 19

the movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis without lateral displacement of the body part.

Question 20

Circumduction

Answer 20

the movement in which one end of a limb remains relatively stationary while the distal end of the limb moves in a circle.

Question 21

Pronation

Answer 21

the movement of the hand from a palm-up to a palm-down (prone) position. This term can also refer to movements that place the body in a face-down (prone) position.

Question 22

Supination

Answer 22

the movement of the hand from a palm-down to a palm-up (supine) position. This term can also refer to movements that place the body in a face-up (lying on the back) position.

Question 23

Eversion

Answer 23

the movement in which the soles are turned outward (laterally).

Question 24

Inversion

Answer 24

the movement in which the soles of the foot turn inward (medially).

Question 25

Dislocation

Answer 25

one more more bones in a joing being out of positon

Question 26

Subluxation

Answer 26

partial dislocation of a joing

Question 27

Contracture

Answer 27

shortnening of a muscle leading to limited ROM

Question 28

Ankylosis

Answer 28

stiffness or fixation of a joint

Question 29

Articular Dieas:

Answer 29

inflammation of synovial tissue of joints and other tissues

produces swelling and tenderness around the whole joint, limits active/passive ROM in all planes

Question 30

Extra-articular diease

Answer 30

[rpdices swelling and tenderness to that one spot in joint and affects ROM in only certain planes, especially during voluntary motion

Question 31

Crepitation

Answer 31

an audible and palpable crunching or grating that accompanies movement. Occurs when articular surfaces of joints are roughened as in rheumatoid arthritis

Question 32

Phalen Test

Answer 32

hold both hands back to back whie flexing wrists 90 degrees.

Normal: Acute flexion of wrists for 60sec produces no symptoms.

Abdornal: numbness and burning ex. In carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 33

Tinel’s Sign

Answer 33

direct percussion of the location of the median nerve at wrist.

Normal: no symptoms.

Abnormal: burning and tingling sensation ex. In carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 34

Bulge Sign

Answer 34

examiner stroked upwards with the edge of the hand on the medial side of the knee to drain the fluid proximal to the patella. The examiner then proceeded to push the fluid inferiorly into the lateral aspect of the knee

Abnormal: fluid bulges out of the medial hollow

Question 35

Ballottement Test

Answer 35

examiner would apply downward pressure towards the foot with one hand, while pushing the patella backwards against the femur with one finger of the opposite hand.

Abnormal: when tapping patella a click sound heard

Question 36

McMurry Test

Answer 36

Patient supine, hold the knee flexed and move it around

Abnormal: a “click” is heard –> meniscal tear

Question 37

Lesegue Test

Answer 37

Straight leg raise

raise the affected/unaffecterd leg. keep legs extended.

abnormal: sciatic pain –> herniated disk

Question 38

Kernig’s Sign

Answer 38

Patient supine, hold the knee flexed then extend it.

Abnormal: pain/resistance in hamstring –> meniginal irritation