20 - Heart/Neck Vessels Flashcards
Precordium
area on antierior chest overlying heart and great vessels
Mediastinum
middle part of heart, area between both lungs with vessels
Pericardium
tough, fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart
Has 2 layers, contains a few ml’s of serous pericardial fluid
Myocardium
muscular wall of the heart, pump
Endocardium
the innermost layer of the heart and lines the chambers
thin layer of endothelial tissue, lines inner surface
Atrioventricular Valves
Tricuspid (r.AV)
Mitral (bicuspid l.AV)
Semilunar Valves
Pulmonic (r. side of heart)
Aortic (left side of heart)
S1
first heart sound
AV valves snap shut
Beginning of systole
is heard loudest at the apex
S2
closure of the semilunar valves AV valves open End of systole Ventricles relax diastole
is heard loudest at the base
Diastole
ventricles are relaxed, AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) are open
Systole
Mitral and tricuspid valve shut – first hearts sound S1 signals the beginning of systole. The cloasing of the semilunar valve is the second hear sound S2 and signals the end of systole.
Cardiac cycle
the movement of blood through the heart. There are two phases diastole ( ventricles relax and fill) and systole ( the hearts contraction and blood is pumped from the ventricles to the pulmonary and systemic arteries)
S3
sounds happens right after S2 when ventricles are resistant to filling
S4
end of diastole, ventricle is resistant to filling right before S1
Murmurs
gentle blowing/whooshing sound, change in turbulence. Due to structural defects or something that decrease the velocity/viscosity. Anemia, exercise
Cardiac Output
is the volume of blood pumped from each ventricle per minute
The amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute
CO = SVHR (Stroke Volumeheart rate)
-can be altered by heart.
Stroke Volume
amount of ml’s per beat
volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.
Heart rate
beats per min
Preload
venous return that build during diastole
is the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole. Think of it as the heart loading up for the next big squeeze of the ventricles during systole. Some people remember this by using an analogy of a balloon – blow air into the balloon and it stretches; the more air you blow in, the greater the stretch.
Afterload
the opposing pressure the ventricles have to generate to get the aortic values open
the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood volume out into the systemic circulation. If you think about the balloon analogy, afterload is represented by the knot at the end of the balloon. To get the air out, the balloon must work against that knot.
P wave
depolarization of the atria
QRS complex
depolarization of the ventricles
T wave
repolarization of the ventricles
Carotid artery
located in groove between trachea and sternomastoid muscle
Jugular veins
emplty unoxygenated blood into superior vena cava. Reflect filling pressure and volume changes.
Angina
chest pain. describe it! (crushing, burning, viselike). Do you take any medications such as Nitro? Is it relieved by resting.
Dyspnea
SOB – nocturnal dyspnea occurs wit heart failure.
Orthopnea
the need to assume an upright position to breathe (SOB while lying down)
Hepatojugular Reflux
position in supine, hold breath, but hand on side side of upper quad, then push firm and watch for level of jugular pulsation for 30sec. Empties venous blood out of liver sinusoid which add volumeto venous system. Heart pumps propery jugukar will rise then go back to normally. If the jugular stays elevated that’s a good indication of heart failure.
