20 - Heart/Neck Vessels

Question 1

Precordium

Answer 1

area on antierior chest overlying heart and great vessels

Question 2

Mediastinum

Answer 2

middle part of heart, area between both lungs with vessels

Question 3

Pericardium

Answer 3

tough, fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart
Has 2 layers, contains a few ml’s of serous pericardial fluid

Question 4

Myocardium

Answer 4

muscular wall of the heart, pump

Question 5

Endocardium

Answer 5

the innermost layer of the heart and lines the chambers

thin layer of endothelial tissue, lines inner surface

Question 6

Atrioventricular Valves

Answer 6

Tricuspid (r.AV)

Mitral (bicuspid l.AV)

Question 7

Semilunar Valves

Answer 7

Pulmonic (r. side of heart)

Aortic (left side of heart)

Question 8

S1

Answer 8

first heart sound
AV valves snap shut
Beginning of systole

is heard loudest at the apex

Question 9

S2

Answer 9

closure of the semilunar valves
AV valves open
End of systole
Ventricles relax 
diastole

is heard loudest at the base

Question 10

Diastole

Answer 10

ventricles are relaxed, AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) are open

Question 11

Systole

Answer 11

Mitral and tricuspid valve shut – first hearts sound S1 signals the beginning of systole. The cloasing of the semilunar valve is the second hear sound S2 and signals the end of systole.

Question 12

Cardiac cycle

Answer 12

the movement of blood through the heart. There are two phases diastole ( ventricles relax and fill) and systole ( the hearts contraction and blood is pumped from the ventricles to the pulmonary and systemic arteries)

Question 13

S3

Answer 13

sounds happens right after S2 when ventricles are resistant to filling

Question 14

S4

Answer 14

end of diastole, ventricle is resistant to filling right before S1

Question 15

Murmurs

Answer 15

gentle blowing/whooshing sound, change in turbulence. Due to structural defects or something that decrease the velocity/viscosity. Anemia, exercise

Question 16

Cardiac Output

Answer 16

is the volume of blood pumped from each ventricle per minute
The amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute
CO = SVHR (Stroke Volumeheart rate)
-can be altered by heart.

Question 17

Stroke Volume

Answer 17

amount of ml’s per beat

volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.

Question 18

Heart rate

Answer 18

beats per min

Question 19

Preload

Answer 19

venous return that build during diastole

is the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole. Think of it as the heart loading up for the next big squeeze of the ventricles during systole. Some people remember this by using an analogy of a balloon – blow air into the balloon and it stretches; the more air you blow in, the greater the stretch.

Question 20

Afterload

Answer 20

the opposing pressure the ventricles have to generate to get the aortic values open

the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood volume out into the systemic circulation. If you think about the balloon analogy, afterload is represented by the knot at the end of the balloon. To get the air out, the balloon must work against that knot.

Question 21

P wave

Answer 21

depolarization of the atria

Question 22

QRS complex

Answer 22

depolarization of the ventricles

Question 23

T wave

Answer 23

repolarization of the ventricles

Question 24

Carotid artery

Answer 24

located in groove between trachea and sternomastoid muscle

Question 25

Jugular veins

Answer 25

emplty unoxygenated blood into superior vena cava. Reflect filling pressure and volume changes.

Question 26

Angina

Answer 26

chest pain. describe it! (crushing, burning, viselike). Do you take any medications such as Nitro? Is it relieved by resting.

Question 27

Dyspnea

Answer 27

SOB – nocturnal dyspnea occurs wit heart failure.

Question 28

Orthopnea

Answer 28

the need to assume an upright position to breathe (SOB while lying down)

Question 29

Hepatojugular Reflux

Answer 29

position in supine, hold breath, but hand on side side of upper quad, then push firm and watch for level of jugular pulsation for 30sec. Empties venous blood out of liver sinusoid which add volumeto venous system. Heart pumps propery jugukar will rise then go back to normally. If the jugular stays elevated that’s a good indication of heart failure.