23 - Viruses

Question 1

Capsid

Answer 1

the protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape

Question 2

Spike protein

Answer 2

is a type of protein that protrudes from the surface of certain viruses, including coronaviruses.

Question 3

Glycoprotein spikes

Answer 3

are structures found on the surface of certain viruses, composed of proteins that have carbohydrate (sugar) molecules attached to them.

Question 4

Viral genome

Answer 4

is the complete set of genetic material present within a virus.

Question 5

Bacteriophage

Answer 5

(PHAGE) A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage

Question 6

Lytic phase

Answer 6

is a stage in the life cycle of certain viruses, particularly bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria), where the virus actively replicates and eventually causes the destruction of the host cell.

Question 7

Lysogenic phase

Answer 7

(lysogenic cycle also) , is a stage in the life cycle of certain viruses, particularly bacteriophages, where the viral genome integrates into the host cell’s genome and replicates along with it, without causing immediate harm to the host.

Question 8

CRISPIR region

Answer 8

refers to a specific segment of DNA found in the genomes of many bacteria and archaea.

Question 9

Cas protein

Answer 9

(short for CRISPR-associated proteins), are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) adaptive immune system found in many bacteria and archaea.

Question 10

Cell surface receptor

Answer 10

is a specialized protein located on the surface of a cell that allows the cell to communicate with its external environment.

Question 11

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp or replicase)

Answer 11

is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template

Question 12

Provirus

Answer 12

A viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome

Question 13

Enveloped virus

Answer 13

is a type of virus that possesses an outer lipid membrane layer, known as an envelope, surrounding its protein capsid

Question 14

dsDNA

Answer 14

stands for double-stranded DNA. It refers to the structure of DNA in which two complementary strands of nucleotides are wound around each other to form a double helix

Question 15

ssDNA

Answer 15

stands for single-stranded DNA. Unlike double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which consists of two complementary strands forming a double helix, ssDNA consists of only a single strand of nucleotides

Question 16

+ssRNA

Answer 16

stands for positive-sense single-stranded RNA. This type of RNA is characterized by having a sequence that can be directly translated into proteins by the host cell’s ribosomes.

Question 17

-ssRNA

Answer 17

stands for negative-sense single-stranded RNA. This type of RNA serves as the genetic material for a group of viruses known as negative-sense RNA viruses.

Question 18

ssRNA retrovirus

Answer 18

is a type of virus that has a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome and replicates through a process involving reverse transcription.

Question 19

Reverse transcriptase

Answer 19

is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template. This process, known as reverse transcription, is the reverse of the usual transcription process where DNA serves as a template for RNA synthesis.