03 - Biomolecules Flashcards
Halocarbons
Single bonds , double carbon-carbon bonds
Double lines
Double bonded
Hydroxyl group?
(OH) , polar
Carbonyl group?
Carbon double bonded to oxygen, polar
Ketone?
Carbonyl group within skeleton, in the middle.
Aldehyde?
Carbonyl group at the end, slanted.
Carboxyl group?
(–COOH) , very polar and acidic (donates H+)
Amino group?
(–NH2), very polar and basic (picks up H+)
Sulfhydryl group
(–SH) or (–HS), polar, cross link in proteins
Phosphate group
(–OPO3^2-), Very polar and negatively charged
Methyl Group
(–CH3), Nonpolar
Dehydration reaction
A dehydration reaction in biology is a type of chemical reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, accompanied by the loss of a water molecule (H₂O)
Hydrolysis reaction
A hydrolysis reaction in biology is a chemical process in which a molecule is broken down into smaller units by the addition of a water molecule (H₂O)
three important biomolecules that are polymers:
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
Glycosidic dehydration reaction
A glycosidic dehydration reaction is a specific type of dehydration reaction in which two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined together to form a disaccharide (or a larger carbohydrate, polysaccharide) through the formation of a glycosidic bond, accompanied by the loss of a water molecule (H₂O).
Ester dehydration reaction
a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group
Carbohydrates
include sugars and polymers of sugar
Monosaccharides
(from the Greek monos, single, and sacchar, sugar) generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O, glucose is most common monosaccharide
Polysaccharides
are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
Glucose
Sugar (C6H12O6)
Lipids
are grouped with each other because they share one important trait: They are hydrophobic
Triglycerides
fat molecules, The completed fat consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule. (Other names for a fat are triacylglycerol and triglyceride
Fatty acids
A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain
Steriods
are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Cholesterol
a type of steroid, is a crucial molecule in animals
Protein
A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
Amino acids
is an organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group
Polypeptide
A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
R groups
a side chain specific to each amino acid that confers particular chemical properties to that amino acid
Amino groups
A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+.
Nonpolar amino acids
a group of amino acids that are hydrophobic, meaning they do not mix well with water.
Polar amino acids
amino acids with side chains that contain electronegative atoms, such as oxygen or nitrogen, that make them hydrophilic, or water-loving
Polar and ionic amino acids
either acidic or negatively charged b/c they donated proton to water, or basic- accepted a proton
Peptide bond
The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.
Primary structure
The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids.
Secondary structure
Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the sidechains).
Tertiary structure
The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges
Quaternary structure
The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three- dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.
Disulfide bridges
A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.
Nucleic acids
A polymer (poly-nucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.
Nucleotide
The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups.
Pyrimidine
One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are pyrimidines.
Purine
One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine(G) are purines.
Phosphodiester bond
a chemical bond that connects nucleotides in a nucleic acid chain
