08 - Cell communication

Question 1

Gap junction

Answer 1

a special connection between neighboring cells that allows them to communicate directly

Question 2

Local signaling

Answer 2

Contact mediated or diffusion for a short distance

Question 3

Long distance signaling

Answer 3

Cells communicate with each other over large distances

Question 4

Paracrine signaling

Answer 4

is a type of cell communication where a cell produces signaling molecules that travel a short distance to affect nearby cells

Question 5

Synaptic signaling

Answer 5

Highly specialized type of local signaling, occurs in animal nervous systems

Question 6

Endocrine signaling

Answer 6

Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into bodily fluids, often blood.

Question 7

Hormones

Answer 7

Chemicals made by glands in the body that travel through the bloodstream to send messages to other parts of the body

Question 8

Signal transduction pathway

Answer 8

Sequence of changes in a series of different molecules

Question 9

Signal reception

Answer 9

An epinephrine molecule
binds to a receptor on a
muscle cell.

Question 10

signal transduction

Answer 10

Relay molecules transmit
the signal, ultimately
activating an enzyme.

Question 11

Cellular response

Answer 11

The enzyme breaks down
glycogen, releasing glucose
that fuels the leg muscles.

Question 12

Ligand

Answer 12

Term for a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule

Question 13

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)

Answer 13

a cell - surface transmembrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein

Question 14

Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)

Answer 14

Belong to a major class of plasma membrane receptors, having enzymatic activity

Question 15

Ligand-gated ion channel

Answer 15

type of membrane channel receptor containing a region that can act as a “gate”, opening or closing the channel when the receptor changes shape

Question 16

Intracellular receptor

Answer 16

Found in either the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells

Question 17

Protein kinase

Answer 17

A enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein

Question 18

Protein phosphatase

Answer 18

Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins

Question 19

Phosphorylation

Answer 19

process where a phosphate group is added to a molecule, like a protein or sugar

Question 20

Dephosphorylaton

Answer 20

Removing of phosphate groups from proteins by enzyme

Question 21

Second messenger

Answer 21

a small molecule inside a cell that helps transmit signals from a receptor on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell. Small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions

Question 22

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Answer 22

Small molecule produced from ATP

Question 23

Adenylyl cyclase

Answer 23

An enzyme embedded in plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP

Question 24

Epinephrine

Answer 24

(adrenaline) , a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by adrenal glands

Question 25

Protein kinase A

Answer 25

protein kinase A (PKA) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes by adding phosphate groups to other proteins. PKA is like a switch operator inside the cell that helps control and regulate different cellular activities by flipping switches (phosphorylating proteins) to activate or deactivate them.

Question 26

First messenger

Answer 26

Is considered to be the extracellular signaling molecule–the ligand– that binds to the membrane receptor