10 - ATP, enzymes, and redox reactions

Question 1

Free energy

Answer 1

is the portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system

Question 2

Exergonic

Answer 2

“energy outward”, proceeds with a net release of free energy

Question 3

Endergonic

Answer 3

“energy inward”, is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.

Question 4

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 4

Is a molecule used for short-term energy work in the cell, its a nucleotide

Question 5

Phosphorylation

Answer 5

Phosphorylation in biology is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, typically a protein.

Question 6

Dephosphorylation

Answer 6

Dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate group from a molecule, typically a protein. This process is catalyzed by enzymes called phosphatases

Question 7

Activation energy (free energy of activation)

Answer 7

the amount of energy needed to push the reactants to the top of an energy barrier, or “uphill”

Question 8

Enzyme

Answer 8

specialized macromolecules (usually proteins), that speed up chemical reactions by fitting things in them .

Question 9

Substrates

Answer 9

the reactant an enzyme acts on, the pieces that go inside the enzyme space

Question 10

Reduced molecules

Answer 10

molecules that have gained electrons and usually hydrogen atoms (Sugar and water)

Question 11

Oxidized molecules

Answer 11

Molecules where electrons (and H+ ions) have been removed (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Question 12

Reduction

Answer 12

is when a molecule gains electrons, often along with hydrogen atoms. This process increases the molecule’s energy

Question 13

Oxidation

Answer 13

oxidation is when a molecule loses electrons, often releasing energy. This process is important for breaking down nutrients

Question 14

Redox reactions

Answer 14

a transfer of one or more electrons (e-) from one reactant to another. Includes reduction and oxidation