Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

01 Cell > 2.24 Differentiation, Development and Stem Cells > Flashcards

2.24 Differentiation, Development and Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic development has to deal with 5 issues

A 
Growth
Cell differentiation
Regional specification
Morphogenesis
Developmental time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Increase in cell number and size and proportion among parts

A

Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cell specialization

A

Cell differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

From featureless blastula or blastoderm to body parts via determinants at different positions of the fertilized egg and later embryonic inductions

A

Regional specification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell and tissue movements that give rise to 3D shape and organization

A

Morphogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Coordination of developmental process in time

A

Developmental time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What a cell will become in the course of normal development

A

Cell fate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What range of cell types a cell can become

A

Developmental potential or potency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A cell has progressive restrictions on its developmental potential, even before phenotype change

A

Determination of cell fate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stem cell types by plasticity

A

Toripotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Can give rise to all cell types as well as an entire new individual

A

Toripotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Can give rise to all cell types

A

Pluripotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Can give rise to a limited range of cells within a tissue type

A

Multipotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stem cells by source

A

Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cells
Engineered cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Not necessarily adult, but after birth

A

Adult stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Umbilical cord tissue

Bone marrow cells

A

Adult stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

iPS

Trasdifferentation

A

Engineered cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

All our cells have the same genome (barring our rearranged genes for antibodies and T-cell receptors)

A

Our cells are MZ twins of each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or false

Differential gene expression occurs despite identical genome

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or false

Methylation is lost and gained during embryonic development

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Responsible for imprinting of genes

A

Epigenetic differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or false

When epigenetic programming goes awry, disease may result

A

True

23
Q

Controls for gene expression

A

Chromatin structure
Transmembrane molecules for cell adhesion and signaling
Gene regulatory proteins

24
Q

True or false

Cell differentiation happens before cell determination

A

False

Cell determination happens before differentiation

25
Q

Two major mechanisms for cell determination

A

Asymmetric segregation of cellular determinants

Inductive signaling among cells

26
Q

True or false

Proteins and RNA are equally segregated during cell division

A

False

They are unequally segregated

27
Q

Inductive signaling has 3 major mechanisms

A

Diffusion
Direct contact
Gap junctions

28
Q

Diffusible signal released from one cell interacts with receptor on target cell
Can work at a distance

A

Diffusion

29
Q

Interaction of transmembrane proteins on each cell results in production of a signal

A

Direct contact

30
Q

Movement of signal between connected cells

A

Gap junction

31
Q

Cell-to-cell contact can lead to __ and ___

A

Lateral inhibition

Cell diversification

32
Q

Sonic hedgehog acts as a __ in chick limb development

A

morphogen

33
Q

Death depends on expression of the ___ and ___ genes in the absence of __ expression–all in dying cell itself.

A

ced-3
ced-4
ced-9

34
Q

3 germ layers

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

35
Q

Most internal germ layer

Forms the lining of the gut and other internal organs

A

Endoderm

36
Q

Most exterior germ layer

Forms skin, brain, the nervous system and other external tissues

A

Ectoderm

37
Q

Middle germ layer

Forms muscle, the skeletal system and the circulatory system

A

Mesoderm

38
Q

To move during the process of ingression, the cells must undergo ___

A

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition

39
Q

Classic pluripotency tests

A

Teratoma

Chimera

40
Q

Molecular pluripotency tests

A

DNA methylation patterns

Gene expression patterns

41
Q

A tumor of different tissues of all 3 germ layers

A

Teratoma

42
Q

A single individual made of genetically distinct cells

A

Chimera

43
Q

It is also possible to directly reprogram one cell type to another without a pluripotent intermediate. Technique, called ____, extracted mRNA from a heart cell and transferred them to host cells

A

Transcriptome induced phenotype remodelling

44
Q

Classic example of adult pluripotent stem cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

45
Q

True or false

Stem cells from amniotic fluid are also pluripotent and unlike embryonic stem cells, do not form teratoms

A

True

46
Q

Same person is donor and recipient

A

Autologous transplantation

47
Q

From a different donor individual to a recipient

A

Allogeneic trnsplantation

48
Q

From an animal donor to a human recipient

A

Xenotransplantation

49
Q

True or false

Human liver buds made from iPS cells are functional when transplanted into mice

A

True

50
Q

Induction of undifferentiated inducible progenitor cells that are not yet committed to osteogenic lineage to form osteoprogenitor cells

A

Osteoinduction

51
Q

Guidelines re cell therapies: prohibited

A

Creation of embryos for research purposes
Human embryonic stem cells and their derivatives for human treatment and research
Aborted human fetal cells and their derivatives for human treatment and research
Plant parts labeled as stem cells

52
Q

Guidelines re cell therapies: restricted

A

Genetically altered human adult stem cells for human treatment
Genetically altered human umbilical cord stem cells for human treatment
Adipose derived human stem cell
Any human cells, tissues and cellular and tissue-based products that are subjected to genetic manipulation
Live animal embryonic, fetal or adult stem cells in parenteral form for human administration

53
Q

Guidelines re cell therapies: allowed

A

Adult autologous human stem cells, including those that had gone through basic processing but not genetic modification
Adult allogeneic stem cells, including those that had gone through basic processing but not genetic modification. Requires HLA compatibility testing and infectious screening similar to organ transplants and blood transfusions
Human umbilical cord stem cells, including those that had gone through basic processing but not genetic modification
Human organ-specific cells, with similar conditions as organ transplants and blood transfusions

01 Cell (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions