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01 Cell > 2.17 Cell Cycle and Apoptosis > Flashcards

2.17 Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Flashcards

1
Q

Confined to a specific part of the body

A

Local Control

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2
Q

Involves multiple organ systems, or the whole body

A

Systemic Control

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3
Q

How do cells reproduce

A

Cell division of existing cells

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4
Q

True or false

DNA replication and cell division must take place in a highly coordinated fashion in eukaryotes

A

True

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5
Q

True or false

Synthesis takes place after mitosis

A

False

M after S

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6
Q

Chromosomes are segregated and packaged into separate nuclei

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

Separation of two nuclei into two genetically identical daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

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8
Q

Two major processes of M phase

A

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

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9
Q

Nucleolus and nuclear envelope are distinct and the chromosomes are in the form of threadlike chromatin

A

Interphase

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10
Q

Thick, coiled chromosomes, each with two chromatids, are lined up on the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

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11
Q

Division into two daughter cells is completed

A

Cytokinesis

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12
Q

The chromatids of each chromosome have separated and are moving toward the poles

A

Anaphase

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13
Q

The chromosomes appear condensed, and the nuclear envelope is not apparent

A

Prophase

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14
Q

The chromosomes are at the poles, and are becoming more diffuse. The nuclear envelope is reforming. The cytoplasm may be dividing

A

Telophase

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15
Q

Stages of mitosis

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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16
Q

Bipolar array of microtubules that become attached to the sister chromatids

A

Mitotic spindle

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17
Q

Mitosis depends on the machinery of the ___

A

Mitotic spindle

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18
Q

__ movement towards minus end of microtubules, these minus ends are located towards the centrosome

A

Dynein -mediated

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19
Q

___ movement towards plus end, some microtubule plus ends are attached to the kinetochore

A

Kinesin-mediated

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20
Q

Large protein complex that provides microtubule binding site on the chromosome

A

Kinetochore

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21
Q

Movement of the sister chromatids lining up at metaphase plate and connected to the opposite poles

A

Congression

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22
Q

Holds the sister chromatids together

A

Cohesin

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23
Q

After birth and before the cell gets ready to split

A

G1

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24
Q

Exit for non-proliferating, differentiated cells

Cells remain in a quiescent state

A

G0

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25
Q

Replication

A

S

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26
Q

Getting ready for mitosis

A

G2

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27
Q

Mitosis

A

M

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28
Q 
Timing
Rapidly dividing human cells
Mitosis
G1
S
G2
A 
around 24 hours;
0.5 h;
9 h
10 h
4.5 h
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29
Q

Timing

Rapidly growing yeast cells

A

around 90 minutes

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30
Q

E. coli doubing time

A

20 m

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31
Q

How is the timing maintained?

A

Dominoes or clocks as model

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32
Q

The next phase is dependent on the previous part

A

Dominoes

33
Q

Schedule is followed

A

Clock

34
Q

Clock timer that has feedback points for regulation

A

Control system

35
Q

Checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage

A

G1/S checkpoint

Restriction point

36
Q

Checks if replicated DNA is suitable for cell division - no mutation, appropriate cell size

A

G2/M checkpoint

37
Q

Check for chromosome attachment to spindle fiber

A

Metaphase to anaphase checkpoint

38
Q

Heart of the control system

A

Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDK)

39
Q

True or false

In control system, cyclins are always present while CDKs are variable

A

False

The other way around

40
Q

DNA pre-replication complexes are dephosphorylated, and they assemble onto chromosome replication origin

A

Early G1

41
Q

G1 CDK compelxes are synthesized

These kinases phosphorylate and activate certain transcription factors

A

Late G1

42
Q

Target of the transcription factors are genes encoding components of the ___ , which is blocked by a specific inhibitors

A

S-phase CDK complex

43
Q

G1 CDK phosphorylates the inhibitor, targeting it for degradation

A

Near the start of S-phase

44
Q

Marks the onset of S-phase

A

Release of S-phase CDK

45
Q

Made during S-phase and G2, but activities are inhibited until DNA synthesis is complete

A

Mitotic CDK complexes

46
Q

Activation of Mitotic CDK begins at ___

A

M-phase

47
Q

Targets cohesin regulators for degradation, allowing segragation of sister chromatids

A

Anaphase promoting complex (APC)

48
Q

Degrades mitotic CDK complexes, resulting in the final mitotic events

A

APC

49
Q

True or false

Transcription level control is possible after the S phase because DNA is tightly bound as chromosomes

A

False

Not possible

50
Q

Kinases turn or or off proteins needed after the S phase through ___

A

Phosphorylation

51
Q

Proteins are controlled via:

A

Phosphorylation

Degradation

52
Q

Two methods of degradation

A

Via lysosome

Via ubiquitin-meidated proteasomal degradation

53
Q

only protein that attaches to cohesin because of the presence of enzymes that are specific to both substrates

A

Ubiquitin

54
Q

True or false

Degradation of the stage-specific proteins ensures one way traffic

A

True

55
Q

Protein degrading machine

A

APC

56
Q

APC is regulated by __

A

Phosphorylation

57
Q

Direct anaphase promoter

A

APC

58
Q

Protects protein linkages that hold the chromatids, also an inhibitor of separase

A

Securin

59
Q

When separase is no longer inhibited by securin, it leads to ___

A

Cohesin degradation

60
Q

G1-CDK

A

Cyclin D

CDK4, 6

61
Q

G1/S -CDK

A

Cyclin E

CDK2

62
Q

S - CDK

A

Cyclin A

CDK2, 1

63
Q

M - CDK

A

Cyclin B

CDK 1

64
Q

Signal proliferation

A

Growth factors

65
Q

Cancer drug which is a proteasome inhibitor

A

Velcade

66
Q

Active ingredient in Velcade

A

Bortezomib

67
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

68
Q

Blebbing of the cell

A

Apoptosis

69
Q

Characterized by extensive tissue damage
Cystolic matter spills into the extracellular space through the damaged plasma membrane and this may provoke inflammatory response

A

Necrosis

70
Q

Apoptosis is triggered by:

A

Absence of signals from trophic factors
Internal conditions in the cell (induced by toxins that enter the cell)
External death signals

71
Q

Failure to pass the cell cycle checkpoints leads to __

A

Cell cycle arrest

72
Q

Gene regulator of the cell cycle

Inhibits the activity of cyclin-CDK complexes upon detection of DNA damage

A

p53

73
Q

TNF binds to __ (Fas receptor)

A

Death receptor

74
Q

Binding of TNF to death receptors which activates caspases and leads to appoptosis

A

External pathway

75
Q

Involved after death signaling

A

Activation of Caspase 8, 3

Fomration of apostosome: mitochondrial cytochrome-c, apaf-1 and caspase 9

76
Q

Triggers apoptosis

A

Plasma membrane (GF withdrawal)
Nucleus (irreparable DNA damage)
Death receptor signaling
ER (unfolded proteins)

77
Q

True or false

Apoptosis is reversible

A

Depends.

True unless DNA damage is permanent

78
Q

Implications of reversibility when it comes to chemotherapy

A

Anastasis

01 Cell (22 decks)

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