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01 Cell > 2.05 Lipids > Flashcards

2.05 Lipids Flashcards

0
Q

Physical (rather than chemical) properties common to all lipids

A

Insoluble in water

Soluble in nonpolar solvents

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1
Q

Groups of compounds related by certain physical properties

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Generally compartmentalized to protect themselves from watery environment of cells

A

Lipids

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4
Q

Functions of lipids

A

Major source of energy (triglycerides)
Provide hydrophobic barrier in cell membrane (phospholipid)
Coenzyme and regulators
Hormones (cholesterol, steroids)
Mediators of inflammation (prostaglandin, leukotriene)
Electrical insulators in myelinated nerves (sphingomyelin)

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5
Q

Classification of lipids

A

Simple
Complex
Derived Lipids

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6
Q

Fats/oils: esters of FA with alcohol

Waxes: esters of FA with higher MW monohydric alcohol

A

simple lipids

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7
Q

Phospholipids: FA + alochol + phosphoric acid residue
Glycolipids: FA + spingosine + carbohydrate
Sulfolipids, amino lipids,

A

complex lipids

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8
Q

Hormones, Ketone bodies, glycerol

A

Derived lipids

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9
Q

Long chains of carboxylic acids

Classified according to degree of saturation

A

Fatty acids

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10
Q

No double bond

A

Saturated FA

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11
Q

One double bond

A

Monounsaturated FA

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12
Q

More than one double bonds

A

Polysaturated FA

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13
Q

Most frequently used system

Unsystematic, conscise and often unambiguous

A

Trivial nomenclature

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14
Q

Mainly named after number of hydrocarbons
Technically clear
IUPAC

A

Systematic names

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15
Q

Double-bond indicated by delta x

A

Delta x nomenclature

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16
Q

Double bond located from the xth carbon-carbon bond starting from the terminal methyl carbon towards the carbonyl carbon

A

n-x Nomenclature

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17
Q

In the from C:D where C is the number of carbon atoms in the FA, and D is the number of double bonds

A

Lipid numbers

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18
Q

16:0

A

Palmitic acid

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19
Q

18:2; 9,12

A

Linoleic acid

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20
Q

18:3; 9,12,15

A

Linolenic acid

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21
Q

20:4; 5,8,11,14

A

Arachidonic acid

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22
Q

omega 3

A

Linolenic acid

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23
Q

omega 6

A

Linoleic acid

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24
Q

Linoleic acid and Linolenic acid are considered _____

A

Essential FA

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25
Q

Most common FA

A

Palmitic acid

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26
Q

Eicosanoids are derived

A

Arachidonic acid

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27
Q

Major end product of CHO fermentation by rumen organisms

A

Acetic acid

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28
Q

In certain fats in small amounts

An end product of CHO fermentation by rumen organisms

A

Butyric, valeric, caproic

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29
Q

Spermaceti, cinnamon, palm kernel, coconut oils, laurel, butter

A

Lauric acid

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30
Q

Nutmeg, palm kernel, coconut oils, myrtles, butter

A

Myristic acid

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31
Q

Common in all animal and plant fats

A

Palmitic acid, stearic acid

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32
Q

Geometric isomerism of unsaturated fatty acids

A

Cis

Trans fatty acid

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33
Q

Hydrocarbons are on the same side of the double bond

A

Cis FA

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34
Q

Hydrocarbons are on the opposite side of the double bond

A

trans

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35
Q

Being more liquid at room temperature

A

Fluidity

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36
Q

Temperature where solids change to liquids

A

Melting point

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37
Q

Relationship of fluidity and melting point

A

Inversely proportional

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38
Q

Increase chain length: fluidity ___, MP ____

A

Decreases; Increases

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39
Q

Decrease saturation; fluidity ____, MP ____

A

Increases; Decreases

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40
Q

Precursor of arachidonic acid

A

Linoleic acid

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41
Q

Deficiency of this essential FA results in decreased vision and altered learning behavior

A

Linolenic acid

42
Q

Lowers thromboxane production

Reduced tendency of platelets to aggreagate

A

Omega fatty acids

43
Q

Esters of the trihydric alcohol glycerol and fatty acids

Main storage forms of energy in the body

A

Triglycerides

44
Q

Extremely potent compounds that elicit a wide range of responses, both physiologic and pathologic

A

Eicosanoids

45
Q

Comprise prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and lipoxins

A

Eicosanoids

46
Q

Dietary precursor of the eicosanoids

A

Linolenic acid

47
Q

Immediate precursor of the eicosanoids

Released from membrane lipids by phospholipase A2

A

Arachidonic acid

48
Q

Synthesized in platelets and cause vasocontriction and platelet aggregation

A

Thromboxane (TXA2)

49
Q

Produced by blood vessel walls and are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation

A

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

50
Q

Mixture of leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

Potent constrictors of broncial airway musculature

A

Slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)

51
Q

From arachidonic acid -> cyclooxygenase pathway

A

Prostaglandin

Thromboxane

52
Q

From arachidonic acid -> lipoxygenase pathway

A

Leukotrienes

53
Q

Amphipathic compounds composed of alcohol, diacylglycerol or sphingosine, phosphodiester bond

A

Phospholipid

54
Q

Predominant lipids of cell membranes

Degraded by phospholipases

A

Phospholipid

55
Q

Most abundant phospholipid

Found in cell membranes

A

Phosphatidylcholine

Lecithin

56
Q

Ehanolamine replaces choline

Also found in cell membranes

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine

Cephalin

57
Q

Serine replaces choline
Found in most tissues, cell membrane
Plays a role in apoptosis

A

Phosphatidylserine

58
Q

Active lipid component of lung surfactant
Inadequate levels lead to Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Decreases the surface tension of alveoli, enabling them to expand again

A

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
Dipalmitoyllecithin
DPPC

59
Q

3 phospholipids in cell membrane

A

Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylserine

60
Q

Reservoir for arachidonic acid in the cell membranes

Source of 2nd messengers

A

Phospatidylinositol 4,5 BP

61
Q

Degraded by phospholipase C to produce inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol
IP3 and DAG mediate the release of intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C

A

Phospatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate

62
Q

2 molecules of phosphatidic acid esterified through their phosphate groups to an additional molecule of glycerol
Found only in the mitochondria and is essential for its proper function
Only non-protein substance that is considered as antigen

A

Cardiolipin

63
Q

Part of the glycocalyx located on the outer layer of the cell membrane and functions in cell recognition and cell adhesion
Found in high concentrations in nervous tissue

A

Glycolipid

64
Q

Sphingosine + fatty acid

A

Ceramide

65
Q

Ceramide + glucose/galactose

A

Cerebroside

66
Q

Ceramide + oligosaccharide

A

Globoside

67
Q

Ceramide + N-acetylneuramic acid

A

Ganglioside

68
Q

Ceramide + sulfated galactose

A

Sulfatide

69
Q

Major glycoshingolipid of the brain and the nervous tissue

Can be converted to sulfogalatosylceramide

A

Galactosylceramide

70
Q

Present in nervous tissue

Parts of receptors

A

Ganglioside

71
Q

Receptor in the human intestine of cholera toxin

A

GM1

72
Q

Only significant sphingophospholipid in humans where it is an important constituent of the myelin sheath of nerves

A

Sphingomyelin

73
Q

Similar cyclic nucleus resembling phenanthrene to which cyclopentane ring is attached (4 rings)
Methyl side chains at position 10, 13, and a side chain usually at position 17

A

Steroid

74
Q

More common and more stable form

A

chair form

75
Q

Best known steroid

Very hydrophobic compound composed of 4 fused hydrocarbon rings and 8-membered branched hydrocarbon chain

A

Cholesterol

76
Q

Cholesterol has a single hydroxyl group located at _____ of the __ ring to which a FA can be attached to form _____

A

C-3; A; Cholesteryl ester

77
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor of ______

A

Cell membrane
Vitamin D
Adrenocortical Hormones, Sex Hormones
Bile Acids

78
Q

Active form of vitamin D

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

79
Q

Two primary bile acids

A

Cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid

80
Q

Peroxidation of lipids exposed to oxygen produces ____

Highly-charged, unstable oxygen molecules with an unpaired electron

A

Oxygen free radicals

81
Q

Peroxidation of lipids is triggered by _____

A

Existing free radical
Light
Metal ions

82
Q

Peroxidation of lipids is catalyzed by _____

A

Heme compounds

Leukotrienes

83
Q

Oxygen free radicals are counteracted by ____

A

Anti-oxidants

84
Q

Auto-oxidation

A

Peroxidation

85
Q

Types of Antioxidants

A

Preventive antioxidants

Chain-breaking antioxidants

86
Q

Include catalase and glutathione peroxidase that reacts with ROOH, selenium, chelators

A

Preventive antioxidants

87
Q

Activates glutathione peroxidase

A

Selenium

88
Q

Chelators of metal ions

A

EDTA and DTPA

89
Q

Include superoxide dismutase (SOD) and vitamin E

A

Chain-breaking antioxidant

90
Q

Partly hydrophilic, party hydrophobic

A

Amphipathic lipids

91
Q

Examples of amphipathic lipids

A

FA, phospholipids, sphingolipids, bile salts

92
Q

Nomenclature

The carbon atoms are numbered, beginning with the _____ as carbon 1

A

Carbonyl carbon

93
Q

Two classes of phospholipids

A

Glycerophospholipids (those that contain glycerol)

Sphingophospholipids (those that contain sphingosine)

94
Q

Simplest phosphoglyceride and the precursor of the other members of the glycerophospholipids

A

Phosphatidic acid

95
Q

A long chain fatty acid is attached to the amino group of sphingosine though an amide linkage, producing a ______

A

Ceramide

96
Q

Alcohol group at C-1 of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine, producing ______

A

Sphingomyelin

97
Q

Structural component of all cell membranes, modulating their fluidity and, in specialized tissues, precursor of hormones

A

Cholesterol

98
Q

Ring A of cholesterol has a hydroxyl group at ___

A

Carbon-3

99
Q

Branched hydrocarbon chain of cholesterol is attached to ____ of the D ring

A

Carbon-17

100
Q

Ring B has a double bond between ____

A

C-5 and C-6

01 Cell (22 decks)

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